The present study was carried out in the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh and data was collected from 120 respondents from six selected villages. The results indicate that the majority of respondents belonged under the medium category level of overall socio-economic attributes followed by the lower and higher category under the study. A majority of respondents completely adopted land preparation, sett treatment, recommended varieties, irrigation for critical stages, weeds, termites and red rot management, whereas, the remaining practices of the study were observed to the partial level of adoption. The study reveals that the coefficient of correlation between the socio-economic attributes of sugarcane growers and their technological level of adoption was found to be significant in 1-5 levels except for the size of the family and experience in sugarcane cultivation.
The 1917 iTEAMS (Integrated Technology Enabled Agri Management System) is an initiative by the government of Meghalaya employing ICT to fulfil its objectives of providing organised evacuation logistics, access to markets and agro-advisories to the farmers upon registering with them. According to the recent data, a total of 84,246 farmers are registered with iTEAMS so far. The present study was conducted to understand the perceived gratification, difficulties and suggestions among the registered farmers of iTEAMS. Empirical data were collected from 120 registered farmers from Ri bhoi district of Meghalaya, India. Findings of the study reveal the majority of farmers were satisfied with the timing of the services offered by iTEAMS, followed by the services provided by the centre to them during the Covid-19 lockdown, in the sale of their produce. The farmers' biggest challenge, according to the findings, was a lack of understanding of how the centre worked. Farmers also expressed a lack of interest in availing of the services. It was observed that the farmers were not completely aware of iTEAMS and there was a lack of interest among the farmers to avail the services. There is a need to spread awareness not just about ICT among the farmers but also about the very many benefits that can be drawn from employing it.
As we compare with production export of Indian fruits is low. India has a large number of varieties of fruit in its basket and nearly accounts for 13 per cent of the world's total fruit production. The overall focus of this study was to reveal the results of significant fruit growth trends and the export destination of fruits in the world. The study used secondary data on mango, banana, grapes oranges, and apple from 2001-02 to 2015-16. Compound Annual Growth Rate and Markov chain analysis were to analyze the growth and destination. The study concluded that the growth rate of export of banana, mango, orange, grapes, and apples was higher in Iran, Bangladesh, Nepal, Russian Federation, and UAE in terms of value and quantity respectively. Markov chain analysis indicated that Saudi Arabia is a stable destination for Banana, Bahrain for mango, UAE, for grapes, Bangladesh for oranges, and Nepal for apples. India has vast potential in the production of many fruits but proper export guidance and training programmes are need to be arranged to farmers, which may help to reach out to the world market.
Study was carried out in Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab to analyse the impact of vegetable nutritional garden on the nutritional intake and socio- economic status of selected beneficiaries of District Moga, Punjab, India. Survey conducted to assess the impact of DST Project from 82 beneficiaries across the two blocks i.e. Village Khosapando and Niddhawala, Village Dagaru and Churchak from November- December, 2019 and again August-September, 2021, through a structured questionnaire developed by the Department of Food and Nutrition. The data pertaining to general profile, dietary habits, socio-economic status of the beneficiaries.
The dietary diversity questionnaire include 12 groups of food like Cereals, Pulses, Green leafy vegetables, Roots, Tubers, Fruits, Vegetables, Milk and Milk products, Egg, Fat, Sugar, Meat and Miscellaneous. The information on respondent’s food consumption was collected using (24-hour recall).The results have shown that, there was difference in the nutritional uptake of beneficiaries during the intervention period and before the intervention of project. Under this project, area under vegetable cultivation has increased significantly in all selected villages over period 2019-2022 i.e. area under vegetable production in Village Khosa Pando, Dagru, Chuharchak and Nidhanwala increased by 91.6,100, 93.9, 94.2 percent. Moreover, per capita income of farmers having landholding of 0.5 to 1 acre and 0.1 to 0.5 acre has increased by 180 and 62 percent respectively. Furthermore, the consumption of green and leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, and other vegetables by intervention household increased drastically from 61.4, 48, 54 to 97.6, 95.0 and 88.1 respectively after establishing vegetable nutrition gardens.
Aim: This study aims to analyse the impact and perception of students towards online learning during Covid-19 and the constraints faced by the students.
Study Design: Ex post facto research design.
Place and Duration of the Study: the present study was conducted among UG,PG & PhD students of TNAU. The study was conducted during January and February month 2021.
Methodology: 50 students were randomly selected and interviewed using a pre tested interview schedule to study the impact and perception of students towards online learning during Covid-19 and the constraints faced by them.
Background of the Study: The concept of e-learning can be termed as a network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large number of recipients at the same or different times. Though e- learning resources and online mode of learning was made available long back, it became popular and inevitable only after the storm created by the pandemic, courtesy COVID-19. It has persisted to force and push the students and teachers towards online learning environment for the past one year and continues to garner importance in the current scenario. Though Online-learning mode emerged as a better alternative to the classroom situation, it has its own pros and cons as perceived by the participating students and teachers. Since, it is becoming a more common method of instruction, it is important to assess its impact among the stakeholders and to assess the existing gaps. This impact study involving perception of the students regarding online learning can serve as a resource to identify the areas for improvement and betterment of learning situation.
Mixed effect models allow for a great deal of flexibility in defining random outcomes, but they limit within-group errors to independent disbursed random variables with a zero mean and constant variance. In addition to its random outcomes for the implied structure, this model is expanded in this paper by including within-group correlated errors. We demonstrate how to accurately predict the model's parameters using a marginal maximum probability (ML) method. The model's accuracy is demonstrated by a real-world example. Additionally, we provide several instructions for correlation systems to represent serial and spatial correlation. Finally, we define how to combine variance features and correlation systems to flexibly model the within-group variance-covariance shape. We also discuss how the lme function can be used to maintain the prolonged linear mixed effects model. And, when compared to other models, the exponential spatial correlation version has the smallest AIC and BIC, making it appear to be the best within-group correlation model.
The present study was conducted to know the constraints perceived by the small scale goat farmers of Kamrup, Kamrup Metro and Morigaon districts of Assam. The data obtained on various constraints perceived by the goat farmers under the study were tabulated and analyzed statistically by using Garrett’s Ranking Technique. The study was conducted at Goat Research Station, Assam Agricultural University, Burnihat, Kamrup Metro, Assam during the years, 2020-21 and 2021-22. For the purpose the research station prepared a questionnaire for surveying and data collection about various constraints faced by the goat farmers and entrepreneurs of three districts viz. Kamrup, Kamrup Metro and Morigaon who visited the station during the period for seeking advises and taking training on Scientific goat rearing and management. The farmers were asked to identify the constraints he/ she and their fellow farmers of their villages faced with respect to rearing of goats in their locality and to rank the constraints from 1 to 13 according to the seriousness of the constraints faced by them. The higher incidence of diseases was the major constraints of goat farmers with mean score of 77.66 and ranked first among the constraints in goat rearing. Scarcity of feed and fodder (63.76), lack of knowledge on scientific goat farming (63.25) and inadequate veterinary facilities (61.07) were ranked second, third and fourth major constraints, respectively. Similarly, high rate of kid mortality, lack of grazing land and scarcity of breedable male goat (buck) were ranked fifth, sixth and seventh, respectively as constraints in goat rearing. Non-availability of nutrient rich fodder trees/grasses, inbreeding, recurrent flood and lower sale prices of goats were some other constraints for the goat farmers surveyed during the study. From the study, it can be concluded that the small scale goat farmers of the districts of Kamrup, Kamrup Metro and Morigaon have a lot of constraints in goat rearing, the major being the incidence of diseases and scarcity of feed and fodder.
The study was focused on “Knowledge level of turmeric farmers in Erode district of Tamil Nadu” for studying the relationship between knowledge level of turmeric farmers with the profile of the respondents. For this study, Kodumudi block in Erode district of Tamil Nadu was identified. One hundred eleven respondents were selected from five villages by using proportionate random sampling method. The data were collected with the help of a well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. Analysis was done with simple correlation and multiple regression. A positive significant relationship between occupation and knowledge level was found at five per cent level of significance. R2 value of 0.543 revealed that fifteen independent variables explained 54.30 per cent of contribution in knowledge level. As evident from the results that the values of regression co-efficient of the variables, trainings undergone had positive and significant at one per cent level of probability. A unit increase in trainings undergone would increase the knowledge level of the turmeric farmers on recommended turmeric cultivation practices by 0.649 units respectively.
Rythu Bharosa Kendras are the one stop shops for all farmers needs at Panchayat level in Andhra Pradesh. They provide services like e-crop booking to avail crop insurance, Agri-input shop, Farmer Knowledge Centres, Technical Advisory team, YSR Rythu Bharosa, Polambadi (FFS), CCRC cards, D-krishi (Seed distribution), etc. A sample of 90 beneficiaries were randomly selected from Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. Descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, mean scale value were used to analyse the data. The findings of the study indicated that, majority of the respondents (81.11%) having medium level of adoption followed by high (12.20%) and low (6.70%) levels of adoption.
Soybean is known as “golden bean”, “miracle crop” etc, because of its several uses, It is an excellent source of protein and oil. Soybean is considered an important crop because of its dual purpose that is oil seed as well as pulses crop. In Nagaland, soybean is cultivated almost in all the districts. The present study was carried out during the session 2021-22. The investigation was conducted in Kuhuboto block of Dimapur district of Nagaland. A total number of 120 respondents from 6 villages were selected using proportionate random sampling procedure.
The study was conducted with the objectives to find out the characteristics of soybean growers, the extent of knowledge and ascertain the extent of adoption behavior of farmers towards improved cultivation practices of soybean and to delineate the constraints faced by the respondents and to obtain their suggestions. An interview schedule based on the study was prepared and data were collected and processed through primary and secondary tables and statistical analysis. The respondents were contacted personally and interviewed. The study revealed that majority of the soybean growers belonged to middle aged group, acquired Upper Primary school education, had medium level of annual income with small size of land holding. Majority of them had medium (10-20) years of farming experience, use of sources of information and medium level of extension contact. It was observed that the majority (70.84%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge on improved cultivation practices of soybean followed by 13.33% having high and 15.83% having low knowledge level respectively. In respect of correlation analysis between knowledge level and the independent variables, it shows that annual income, land holding and extension contact had positive and found to be significant. Whereas, age, education, marital status, family type, family size, type of house, occupation, farming experience, mass media exposure and source of information was found to be non-significant. As for analysis between adoption level and the independent variables, it was revealed that variables like annual income, land holding and extension contact are significantly associated with adoption of soybean growers. Further, the variables age, education, marital status, type of family, family size, type of house, occupation, farming experience, mass media exposure and source of information was found to be non significant. The major constraints faced by the respondents were lack of proper resources and capital, high cost of inputs, lack of proper information at time, lack of consultancy, shortage of labors etc.
The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of mining activities on occupational and social changes in coal mining area of district Dhanbad (Jharkhand). The area affected by mining activities called beneficiaries is compared with the area having no effect from mining activities called non-beneficiaries. Five villages were selected from each area. With the help of a random sampling method, 24 respondents from each village were drawn. Data were analyzed by using two-point scales (dichotomous scale) along with percentages associated with the 'Yes’ response and the all sample tested by the ‘Z’ test. The traditional structure of rural communities in this area was also reduced. Caste hierarchy and dominance were replaced by professional hierarchy and dominance. Due to mining, the people are more educated and aware to make themselves economically strong. It was found that the level of aspiration of villagers had increased as a result of mining. The study will be a valuable addition to the field of social science and policymaker to enhance the coping capacity related to the impacts of coal mining on socio-economic life. This study helpful for researcher/planner to gives a perception regarding the issues of livelihood and social structure of the Dhanbad Coal Field. This study is more inspiring for future research.
The study was conducted in natural and conventional crop fields in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh spanning one block and involving 120 sample respondents, Sixty farmers practised natural farming practises and the other 60 practiced conventional farming To select 30 farmers from each hamlet, a purposive sample strategy was used. The data was collected using a well-structured interview schedule, with the primary goal of determining paddy growers' knowledge of natural and conventional farming approaches. In the Naidupeta block, paddy is a key crop. The study found that the majority (48.3 percent) of respondents had a medium level of knowledge of natural farming practices, followed by high and low levels of knowledge of conventional farming practices, and that the majority (60.0 percent) of respondents had a medium level of knowledge on natural farming practices, followed by low and high levels of knowledge on conventional farming practices. Farmers' understanding of natural and conventional paddy farming methods would aid in the development of appropriate measures to strengthen the practices.
The present study was carried out in purposively selected Ajmer district of Rajasthan to evaluate constraints faced by contract broiler poultry farmers, non-contract broiler poultry farmers and employees of integrating firms. Data were collected from 128 randomly selected respondents through structured interview schedule. The study revealed that non-availability of day old chick in time (45.00%), high mortality in birds (43.33%) and delay in lifting the produce (33.33%) were perceived as ‘most serious constraints’ by contract broiler poultry farmers. Market price fluctuation (66.67%), high mortality in birds due to diseases (55.00%) and high initial investment (51.67%) perceived as ‘most serious constraints’ by non-contract broiler poultry farmers and selling of frequent price fluctuations in international markets (75.00%) was perceived as ‘most serious constraint’ by employees of integrating firms.
Maharashtra ranks fifth in total marine fish landing in India, and the significant share contributed by pelagic resources (38 %), followed by demersal (28.7 %), crustaceans (24.8 %), and mollusks (9 %). The marine fish landings of Maharashtra during 2020 were 398511 tons, having an annual growth rate of -10.61%. (Fisheries Dept. report 2021), mainly because of the loss of fishing days and lack of fishing labour due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The constraint analysis through rank-based quotient (RBQ) is done to analyse the various problems stakeholders face during marketing in the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra. RBQ analysis revealed that the high transportation cost, uncertain catch, non-availability of high-grade fish catch, marketing cost (transportation/labour etc.), poor infrastructure facilities at the market yard, non -availability of insulated boxes are the significant constraints faced by the actors involved in the marketing. The policymakers should consider the challenges faced by the marketers of this region to encourage fish marketing by building organized markets.
Access to agricultural credit is one of the key factors that boost the adoption of technologies to improve agricultural production. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools have been referred to as essential channels in the dissemination of agricultural extension information. However, it has been observed that the majority of peasants were not using them to access the information. The aim of this study was to delineate the level of agricultural credit access, sources of the credit, amount of the credit accessed, and the correlation between access to the credit and the use of ICT tools in the extension services among peasants. A correlation research design was utilized in this study at Rangwe Sub-County, Kenya. Data were collected with the help of pretested structured questionnaire from 106 peasants who grow cassava in the Sub-County. The data obtained were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation and descriptive statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 25. Descriptive results revealed that 68% of the peasants interviewed had no access to the credit, while 32% had access. The majority (70%) of those who had the access received it from Saving and Credit Co-Operative (SACCOs). The majority (68%) received the lowest amount of credit. Spearman’s correlation revealed that there was a moderate, positive correlation between access to credit and the use of the ICT tools. The correlation was statistically significant at 1% level of significance (R = +.646**, P = .000, R2 =0.417). Access to credit appears to provide a positive and moderate correlation with the use of the ICT tools as it predicts 42% of the use of the tools in cassava production. The positive correlation coefficient indicates that an increase in access to agricultural credits among the peasants translates to an increase in the adoption of ICT tools in agricultural extension.
Cotton is a high commercial profile crop serving as a lifebelt crop for millions. It is a predominant crop under cultivation in a large spectrum since the ancient period. Globally it is a significant income earning crop hence aptly termed as White Gold. India is a leading cotton producer, exporter, and consumer in the world. It has surpassed China’s cotton production in 2021 and stands first in world cotton production. But India’s cotton productivity is 466 kg/ha very low than the global average cotton productivity; ranking 42nd in world productivity. Cotton is cultivated in an area of 12.35 million hectares with a production of 5.79 million metric tonnes. The present study aims in estimating the growth rate and the factors influencing cotton acreage and production in India for the last four decades of 1981-82 to 2020-21. The compound growth rate was examined using exponential growth function and instability by Cuddy Della Valle instability index in three different periods i.e Period I 1981-82 to 2001-02 (Pre introduction of Bt), Period II 2002-02 to 2020-21(Post introduction of Bt) and Overall period (1981-82 to 2020-21).The data used in current study is secondary in nature and collected from sources namely Directorate of Economics and statistics, India stat and from FAO. The acreage and supply response was estimated using the Nerlovian double-lagged adjustment model. The findings revealed that a higher growth rate and instability have been witnessed after the introduction of Bt technology in India which symbolizes the magnanimous role of Bt technology in the Indian cotton sector. The responsiveness of cotton area towards the lag cotton area, cotton MSP, rainfall and lagged export price stands significant whereas cotton supply response is highly triggered by lagged cotton production, rainfall and Bt technology.
The present study propose to explore the possibility of agronomic biofortification for enhancing the Zn content of wheat through ferti-fortification of wheat crops with Zn at appropriate dose and time during its growth. The productivity and nutritional value of wheat, as well as human health, are seriously hampered by zinc (Zn) deficiency in soil. A popular technological remedy for the issue is Zn fertilisation to increase its uptake in grains. Accordingly, the present field study was undertaken to assess the impacts of different Zn fertilization on growth, yield and economics returns of wheat at Regional Research Sub Center NARP, Saini, Kaushambi, UP during Rabi season of 2020-21. Five Zn treatments (control, 5 kg zinc/ha, 7 kg zinc/ha, 10 kg zinc/ha and 5 kg zinc/ha+2 two foliar spray @5%of Zn So4 at tillering and before flowering) were taken in randomized complete block design with three replication. Results showed that relative effectiveness of different Zn fertilization was varied for the crop attributes studied. Soil + foliar fertilization was superior in increasing grain yield (9.88% over the control). Moreover, for an optimum balance among all the tested attributes including Plant height, crop dry weight, yield attributes, yield, HI and returns and Zn content in grain were significantly higher under soil fertilization combined with foliar Zn fertilization (T5) over other treatments. The findings of this study can serve as guidelines for high-quality, sustainable wheat production, which will aid in the fight against malnutrition.
Edible oils are main constituent of human diet. Production figures of oils crops and oils provide information not about only production patterns but consumption patterns too. Knowing this information helps industry as well educators in focusing on important oil crops and oils. It was found in this study that world is dominated only by few oil crops and oils. Further it was discovered that only handful of countries contribute to bulk of oil crops and oils.
Paddy is the major crop in India. It is the second most important crop in the world in terms of cultivation. India's public agricultural information generation, testing, and transmission system are one of the world's largest and most complicated. Information sources and channels play a major role in communicating various farm information to farmers, who are the end-users of information containing various farm technologies, which motivates them to adopt newer technologies. In the Telangana state Khammam district was selected purposefully and two blocks and in each block two villages were selected based on the more cultivation area of paddy. From each village, thirty respondents were selected proportionately and randomly, comprising a total of 120 respondents as a sample. The study revealed that progressive farmers and extension officials of the agricultural department were the most preferred agricultural information sources, whereas result demonstration and television were important channels preferred in the study area.
Mushroom Cultivation as an entrepreneur provides ample of opportunities for sustaining rural livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, ICAR-Indian Institute of Sugarcane research, Lucknow is actively involved to provide fifteen days vocational trainings on button mushroom cultivation in growing season. Main objective of trainings are to promote mushroom production as a self-employment venture, which can ultimately improve the socioeconomic condition of farmers. It has been also observed that out of 250 trainees( from year 2017to 2021)) 85% trainees have adopted mushroom cultivation. While major constraints were lack of government support (96.5%) along with less remuneration being a seasonal activity (87.3%) and non-availability of quality spawn (85.5%) in adoption of this venture. It was analyzed through answer of respondents.
Aims: This study mainly intends to analyze the production side of coffee that would throw light on the scenario of coffee growers to understand the cost structure and returns from coffee cultivation in the study area.
Study Design: Purposive sampling technique was adopted for the current study on Araku valley coffee, where the primary data has been collected from 120 coffee growers.
Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out in the Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh and the primary data was collected from April to July 2022.
Methodology: Costs and returns of coffee cultivation were estimated for Araku Valley Coffee in the study area.
Results: The establishment cost of Araku Valley coffee in the Visakhapatnam district was Rs. 144039.06/ha, which encompassed both the initial investment costs and maintenance costs during the coffee gestation period. The cost of cultivation during the coffee fruit-bearing period was Rs. 611353.67/ha. With this total cost per hectare, the cost per Kg of coffee produced turns out to be Rs 9.83/kg. Fresh fruit berries were sold on the market for an average price of Rs. 40/kg. Net profits were Rs. 2317053.55/ha while gross returns were Rs. 3072446.28/ha. The BCR, NPV@12% discount rate, and IRR recorded were 1.68, Rs.144581, and 28.7% respectively. It was an undeniable fact that raising coffee plantations in Andhra Pradesh was lucrative and could be operated on a commercial scale for fostering profits over a generation.
Conclusion: The pace of tribal development in the Visakhapatnam district was sustained in large part by coffee production. From a long-term viewpoint, this study signifies and validates the real economics of coffee production for sustainable resource management, profitable revenue generation, and expanded employment opportunities.
A need assessment is the process of identifying and determining how to bridge the gap between an organization's current and desired state. It is part of a planning process to determine gaps, or “needs,” and address areas for improvement or development. It can help decide where and how resources may be directed, for a specific intervention or method which works well in a rural context. Policymakers and funding agencies who are into rural community developmental activities assess the needs first, to understand the situation and make effective interventions. Rural awareness work experience programme (RAWEP) is an integrated component of B.Sc. (Hons.) Community Science introduced in to the syllabus of B.Sc. Home Science (Hons.) by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, in the year 2002, which initially facilitates the students to understand the rural situations, status of technologies adopted by rural women, prioritize their problems and to develop skills & attitude working with farm families for overall development in rural areas, aiming at bringing improvement in quality of life of rural families. It gives the real-life exposure to the students through providing a close-knit interaction between students and rural families, giving a base for need assessment that exposes to different challenges and opportunities faced by the farm women, their changed role in household work and allied fields and initiate knowledge, understanding and skills among the rural women which leads to the overall development improving the quality of life of rural families. It also offers a firsthand experience to students to utilize knowledge gained in first three years and transfer simple and improved practices to the rural women. RAWEP is an effective tool to access the needs of rural folk, their challenges and opportunities, their changed role in household work and allied fields. Students get a unique opportunity to initiate knowledge, transfer skills to the rural women, which ultimately contributes to the overall development of their families. This article presents fallouts of their experiences in context of learnings viz. field experience, team work, experiential learning, address the problems at field level, exposure to administration and management issues in context of rural and farm women, planning and implementing of different need based capacity building programmes , collecting information through different methods, participation in developmental programmes, etc for their future field situations along with result in identification of ground reality and original problems, seek greater understanding, discover inventive answers and suggest methods to overcome the problems. Data was gathered based on fieldwork conducted at Meenavolu, Sudhaguda, Madhanpalli, Gundampalli, Kowta(B), Madhapur, Chennayapalem,Goliyathanda, Manugur, Dowthabad, Vedira, Mandhamarri, Kamaripet, villages from Peddapalli, Thadiparthi districts. The study perceives how RAWE programme was engaged to identify the needs and problems of the adopted villages.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are a broad range of technological tools and resources to create, stockpile, produce value and manage information. Radio and television broadcasting, computer hardware, software services, and electronic media could all be included. ICTs have seen significant changes in recent years and are developing as a significant tool for speeding agricultural growth in a developing country like India. The objective of study was to know awareness and use of different ICT tools by farmers. The study was conducted in village Gudli of Mavli block of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The information was collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal using interview technique by group and individual contact method. Each farmer was critically interviewed about awareness & use of ICT tools including e-mail, radio, kiosk, computer, mobile etc. For this, the data was collected from 100 farmers. Result revealed that 100 per cent respondents having mobile without internet, were aware about calling from mobile, SMS and memory stick, and were also using them (calling, 82%) (SMS service 68 %). It was observed that 82 per cent respondents answered to all calls. Majority of the respondents (48-88%) were not using e-mail, radio, kiosk & computer. About one third of the respondents i.e. 36-48 per cent knew about accessing different internet sites, office documents & presentations. This is an ICT era, but till today, half of the farming community are suffering from various types of problems due to the gap between ICT and its use without need assessment and participation of farming community although farmers are using mobile phone for calling, gathering and exchange of information, entertainment etc. Now a day it has been observed that farmers are using different ICT tools i.e. mobile, kiosk etc. for gathering information about their crop production, daily wholesale rates in mandi market, information about climate, various crop diseases and other information related to agriculture.
Nowadays usage of Social media is increasing rapidly in the 21st century. WhatsApp is the most popular social media which is used by a large number of people. The present study was focused on how effectively KVK's farmers use WhatsApp groups for agricultural purposes. Three districts of Cauvery Delta Zone Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur, and Karaikal KVK WhatsApp groups were purposively selected for the study. Totally 120 farmers were selected for primary data, and from each district, 40 farmers were selected by the Simple Random Sampling method. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. It reported that the overall effectiveness of the farmer's use of WhatsApp groups was at the medium level (74.17%) indicating that farmers were using the group for their agricultural activities. The easiness of understanding information on Whatsapp was found to be good, and image and video-based information, in addition to textual information aided in a better understanding of information. Based on the study recommended that is important to be placed on disseminate weather and market information to aid indecision making.
Student life is a most important phase in a person’s life to learn many things and to do different tasks. Students pursuing their education overcome a lot of obstacles created under many circumstances. Many adversities are faced by the students during their studies. Many psychological attributes affects the life of students, among them the present study deals with self-confidence and risk-taking ability of the students. Self-confidence means recognizing your abilities, self-interest, and being aware of your feelings. Risk-taking ability is one of the personality traits that may be affected by confidence. The aim of this study is to study the relation between self-confidence and risk-taking among the doctoral Students of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Main campus). This study was conducted using ex-post facto research design. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (Main campus). A total of 111 students pursue their third-year doctoral programme on the main campus and from them, 90 students were randomly selected for the study. The data was collected using a well-structured pre-tested interview schedule. Study revealed that the respondents had medium-level of self-confidence (77.78%) and risk-taking ability (74.45%). The two psychological concepts were also found to have significant relationship with each other and are also positively correlated. This proves that the students are adequately confident with whatever they do and are taking risks in most needed situations. The study also projected that students didn’t hesitate to take a risk because they trusted themselves in the career/academic process.
The main motive of this research was to assess the financial performance of public sector banks before and after the Megamerger announced by the Government of India consolidating 10 public sector banks into 4. The impact of the merger on the bank’s performance was measured and compared to judge its effectiveness. One of the most crucial practices of evaluating the performance of a bank involves critical examination of account statements and assessment of CAMEL model ratios i.e., Capital Adequacy, Asset quality, Management efficiency, Earnings, and Liquidity to meet monetary obligations of the bank. The four acquirer banks including Punjab National Bank, Canara Bank, Union Bank of India, and Indian Bank was purposively selected to study the impact of mergers on their financial performance. The study was performed by collecting data for two years before and two years after the merger. The data for the research was collected from the annual financial statements of the selected banks for a period of four years 2018-19 to 2021-22. The paired t-test is used as inferential statistics to draw a conclusion based on a comparative analysis. Based on the results of the analysis it could be concluded that there observed a significant difference in the financial performance of Indian banks after the merger, whereas for the other banks there was no significant difference in the performance.
This present study has been conducted to ascertain the attitude and proper understanding of the farmers of the benefits and outcomes in using various agriculture machineries in the field. The study was conducted in the Mawryngkneng C&RD Block in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview method using pre-structured interview schedule. The attitude of the farmers was measured by asking 12 questions with respect to the use of agriculture machineries. Pearson’s Product Moment coefficient of correlation (r) was calculated to determine the relationships between the independent variables and attitude of the respondents. After analysis of data, it was observed that the attitude was maximum at medium level i.e. 61.66 per cent, followed by low level at 29.17 per cent and then high level at 9.17 per cent. Co – efficient of correlation (r) analysis indicated that education, yearly income, social contact, extension contact and mass media exposure were found to be positively significant whereas, variables like age, type of house, family type, family size, occupation and land holding were found to have no relationship with the attitude of the farmers.
Rice is a predominant food crop that was extensively cultivated and consumed in India. Recently, small and fragmented land holdings and labour scarcity during the peak season are driving farmers toward farm mechanization. Villupuram is one of the prominent districts with the maximum area under rice cultivation. The study was conducted to examine the adoption level of various recommended implements and machinery by rice farmers in the Villupuram district. Of the 13 blocks of Villupuram district three blocks were selected for this study. A total of 120 farmers were selected for the study using a proportionate random sampling method. This study was conducted during April and may 2022. Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. Data were collected using a well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The findings of the study revealed that most respondents had a medium level of adoption of farm implements and machinery in rice cultivation. Most respondents adopted a combined harvester, tractor, power tiller, rotavator and power sprayer. None of the respondents adopted bund maker, seed cum fertilizer drill, rice cum Daincha seeder, rotary weeder, power weeder, drone operated sprayer, reaper and thresher. Custom hiring facilities are required to rent the equipment on a payment basis and awareness should be made on specific equipment like, seed cum fertilizer drill, power weeder, Conoweeder and rotary weeder.
The purpose of this paper is to assess students’ attitude towards online learning using a paired comparison technique. A total of five stimuli were selected and paired in 10 combinations. A shift in the ranking of stimulus when compared with other stimulus would indicate a change in attitude. The questionnaires were distributed to 45 college students using google forms. Analysis of the paired comparisons resulted in rankings for the stimulus from least to most preferred. Findings of the study shows that online learning is effective and it reported that online learning makes learning interesting followed by it motivates the students to taking up advanced courses often developed a positive attitude of students towards online learning.
Arunachal Pradesh is an agrarian state which is gifted with natural resources and huge scope for agriculture and horticulture sectors. However, farming in Arunachal Pradesh is facing some socio-economic constraints which led to under-utilization of resource bases in the state. To ensure proper utilization of resources and to improve well being of farming community, there is need to adopt suitable farming system which can contribute to livelihood development. Therefore, a study was conducted in Ziro-I and Ziro-II block of Lower Subansiri district of Arunachal Pradesh during 2019-20 to know the association between personal, socio-economical and psychological characteristics of farmers with their performance in practicing different farming systems. A total of 200 respondents were selected from both blocks; 50 respondents each practicing FS-I, FS-II from Ziro-I block and FS-III, FS-IV from Ziro-II block. The result shows that innovative proneness, risk bearing ability, achievement motivation, decision making ability and management orientation had positive and significant association with performance at one and five per cent level of significance for all four farming systems. The probable reasons for the above findings could be that the farmers as an occupation has to deal with new farming practices and face many challenges such as drought, crop failure, pest attack, and soil infertility. As these experiences increases along with capital investment, their risk bearing ability also increases which may lead to improve performances in their farming. Additionally, to excel in farming practices there should be desire to achieve success in their work by taking timely decisions and performing as a good farm manager.
A study was carried out to assess the possibility of carp culture in village ponds for livelihood and empowerment of women fish farmers and women SHG’s. Awareness programmes followed by training programmes on carp culture in open water bodies were conducted. A village pond of 1.5 ha area of Posheri, Palghar District and 0.8 ha area of Malgund, Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra state were selected for demonstration. The fertilisers were applied in Posheri pond to boost plankton production. A total of 10000 carp fingerlings (40-60 mm) were stocked and were fed commercial floating feed. The catla grown to a size of 1.0 to 1.2 kg whereas weight of rohu and mrigal ranged between 0.5 and 0.7 kg at the time of harvest. A fish yield of 1200 kg was obtained with a productivity of 800 kg/ha. The fishes were sold at the rate of Rs. 200/- per kg and a revenue of Rs. 2,40,000/- was realised. In Malgund pond, 2000 carp fingerlings were stocked in September, 2019. Carps were fed commercial feed and grown for a period of eight months. At the time harvest, catla reached a size of 1.2 to 1.5 kg and rohu weighed from 0.3 to 0.5 kg. A total yield of 250 kg was sold at average price of Rs. 120/- per kg in fish market of Ratnagiri and revenue of Rs. 30,000/- was generated. Thus, carp culture activity demonstrated at both places indicated a possibility for augmenting socio-economic status of women through provision of livelihoods.
Aims: The main aim of this study is to examine the growth rate of consumption of pesticides in India and Tamil Nadu.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out using the time series data on pesticide consumption collected from secondary sources from 1990 to 2020 for India and for Tamil Nadu, the data were collected from 2011 to 2021.
Methodology: The compound annual growth rate is used to calculate the growth rate of consumption of pesticides. The data is segmented for every 10 years and decadal growth rate was also examined.
Results: The overall compound annual growth rate of pesticide consumption is negative(-0.44 per cent) and the decadal average was found to be -5.27%, -0.73% and 1.81% for the decades 1990-2000, 2001-2010 and 2011-2020 respectively for India. The growth rate for different types of pesticides was found to be declining (-2.26 per cent) for insecticides, however it is increasing for fungicides (2.65 per cent) and herbicides (0.99 per cent). CAGR indicates that there is no change in growth of pesticide consumption in Tamil Nadu.
Conclusion: The trend in the pesticide use has been decreasing over the period and it shows that the total quantity of pesticides used in the country has been continuously decreasing which is a healthy sign for the environment. It may due to increase in the area of organic farming, practices like IPM and increase in the use of biopesticides.
Intercropping can also be referred to as mixed cropping or Polyculture i.e., cultivating two or more crops in the same space at the same time. The present research was conducted in Haryana state to know the reasons for adoption as well as constraints in adoption of intercropping. The study was conducted in four districts of Haryana namely Bhiwani and Hisar from the dry zone and Karnal and Kaithal from the wet zone of Haryana. Further, two blocks were selected randomly from each district and from each block 15 respondents were selected randomly from clusters of villages. Hence, a total of 120 respondents were selected for the purpose of the study. The study revealed major constraints in adoption of intercropping by the farmers. No MSP for horticultural crops, lack of storage facilities, harvesting problems, expert management, labour intensive, uncompetitive price etc. as the major constraints to the farmers which could be the possible reasons for non-adoption of intercropping by the other farmers. This study recommends introducing of Minimum Support Price for horticultural crops and there should be facility of cold storage for horticultural produces of the farmers.
Aims: The study aimed to analyse the carbon footprint of conventional rice cultivation and also the carbon economic efficiency.
Study Design: Multi-stage random sampling was used.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu between April and May 2022.
Methodology: Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. The main methodology used in finding the carbon footprint is LCA (Life Cycle Analysis). A well-structured interview schedule was used in the collection of data. Various kinds of literature were referred to find emission factors which were used in the study. A sample of 60 farmers was selected and data was collected. Also, 5 mills were visited to understand the process of milling, storage and transport of rice.
Results: A total carbon footprint of 6720.46 Kg CO2e/ha was determined from the study for the cultivation, harvest, and post-harvest operations of rice production. Harvest and post-harvest processes result in a carbon footprint of 1851.46 Kg CO2e/ha, while the carbon footprint of cultivation is 4869 Kg CO2e/ha. In addition, the carbon economic efficiency was shown to be 23.39, meaning that the economic worth of rice production is 23.39 Rs per kg of carbon emission.
Conclusion: An important factor in greenhouse gas emissions and a bigger carbon footprint is the use of fertilizers, irrigation techniques, and straw management. An important recommendation to reduce the carbon footprint is the alternate wetting and drying method of irrigation. A further way to lessen the environmental impact of rice farming is to use fewer fertilizers and pesticides.
The main purpose of the study was to determine the extent of farmer’s knowledge on orange production. The aforementioned study was conducted in Saipung Block in East Jaintia Hills district, Meghalaya in the year 2022. A descriptive research designed was applied for this study. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview method using pre-structure interview schedule. Knowledge of the farmers was measured by asking 18 questions in respect of orange production. Pearson’s Product Moment coefficient of correlation (r) was calculated to determine the relationships between independent variables and knowledge of the respondents. Findings showed that 60.83 per cent of the respondents have medium level of knowledge mandarin plantation, 22.5 per cent have low level and 16.67 per cent have high level of knowledge about mandarin production. Co-efficient of correlation (r) analysis indicated that educational qualification, social participation, mass media exposure, farming experience and extension contact were found to be positively significant whereas variables like age, family Size, marital status, land holding, annual income and occupation were found to have no relationship with the knowledge of the farmers. The finding clearly indicates that the respondents have medium knowledge over mandarin cultivation and most of the selected independent variables had positively and significant correlated with the knowledge of the farmers.
Employee retention describes the various measures undertaken by firms for retention of their employees. Hypermarkets are large retail space that offers broad range of daily necessities and groceries where the study was carried out. The employee retention at the hypermarket in Coimbatore city was examined using percentage analyses, correlation, and Garrett ranking for a period of 3 months. Based on the percentage analysis, it is found that majority of the employees were female and received an average monthly salary range of Rs. 5000-15000. Turnover intention scale and Perceived Organizational Support Scale (POS-8) were used in the correlation analysis. It specified that turn over intention is inversely proportional to perceived organization support. According to Garrett ranking, a competitive wage package (61.56%) was the main factor driving employee retention. A plan for employee retention, such as offering bonuses, organisational support and extra reward packages, can significantly reduce the intention of turnover.
The study pertains to the study of impact of SHGs on women’s Behaviour and standard of living before and after joining the SHGs in Satna District of Madhya Pradesh reveals that Women always remained in backstage because of their passive involvement in decision making. In rural areas women can’t get as much as freedom as compared to men, they are always suppressed and men are always dominant. But, after the introduction of SHGs rural women are involving in it. being an effective medium for community involvement in developmental activities, can be a powerful tool for alleviating rural poverty through the empowerment of women, by freeing themselves from the clutches of usurious moneylenders. Due to the existing patriarchal norms, they have excluded from the decision- making the process even at their households. Self-help groups brought a whole new platform for women empowerment. It covered almost all aspects of empowerment (social, political, economic). Self-help group improved the qualitative and quantitative participation of women in decision making. This study will help to know the real impact of SHGs and grassroots level development is needed to make our women empowered.
“Adolescence” is a dynamically evolving theoretical construct informed through physiologic, psychosocial and cultural lenses. This critical developmental period is usually understood as the years between the onset of puberty and the establishment of social independence [1]. Personality development is not only about changes in traits but also about changes in other layers of the self, such as the identity layer. Forming one's identity is thought to be the key developmental task of adolescence, but profound changes in personality traits also occur in this period [2]. Emotional intelligence is a set of qualities and competencies that captures a broad group of individual skills and dispositions, usually referred to as soft skills that are outside the traditional areas of specific knowledge, general intelligence, and professional skills [3]. Emotional Intelligence plays an important role in the job performance, enthusiasm, decision making, successful management and leadership. This research examines emotional intelligence in relation to personality development of rural adolescents. The study was conducted in rural areas of Bhiwani district and Gurugram district of Haryana State. From each district sample constituted of randomly selected 120 adolescents including 60 males and 60 females of 14-16 years. Personality Development Scale by John and Srivastava [4] was used for assessing personality development. Emotional intelligence was assessed by Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) of Hyde, Pethe and Dhar [5]. The results revealed that majority of the adolescents had average level of emotional intelligence and personality. Emotional intelligence was found to be positively and significantly correlated with personality. The collected data was classified and tabulated as per the objectives. For analysis of data a frequency, percentages, mean, standard deviation and independent sample ‘z’ test were used.
A good quality seed is considered as a primary vital farm input among all agricultural farm inputs. Since it directly helps to a good crop productivity, which further makes farmer to generate income by marketing the surplus to consumers. Farmers are finding it difficult to select a high-quality seed brand for cultivation because numerous seed brands have been introduced to the market by the public and private companies. As maize is one of the most profitable crops, most farmers opt for commercial cultivation. The present study was conducted to learn the farmers’ brand preferences and brand loyalty while purchasing Maize hybrid in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Data were gathered from 90 sample farmers by choosing two mandals in the district through random sampling approach. Top eight brands of maize seed was taken for the study and ranking was determined using simple weighted average method. It was found that, majority of the farmers preferred NK 7884 and NMH 8352 Winner followed by KMH 8333. Also, the study concluded that, there would be repetitive purchase of the same brands and the farmers would purchase preferred branded seeds, regardless of considering the cost of seed.
This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of rural community savings systems and their impacts on rural livelihood in selected districts of Sierra Leone. The researchers adopted three objectives, (1) identify the personal and socio-demographic characteristics of rural dwellers (savings members and non-savings members) that influence participation in rural community savings systems, and (2) identify the factors, operational conditions and modalities of the savings systems, and (3) assess the impact of the rural community savings systems on the livelihood of rural dwellers in selected districts of Sierra Leone. The study adopted a cross-sectional design. The population consists of savings members and non-savings in Bo, Bombali and Kenema Districts. The population size was 897, of which 810 savings with an equivalent of 810 non-savings, giving a sample size of 1,620 rural dwellers. Two sets of pretested questionnaires and focus group guides with a reliability of 0.75 were administered using KoBoCollect v.1.14.0a software; analysed data using simple frequencies, logit regression and propensity score match models. Participation in the savings program positively impacted various rural community welfare indicators. The recommendations include conducting basic training or in-service training on savings and financial management and guiding characteristics of the operations of the savings system.
The main purpose of the study was to determine the extent of knowledge of Khasi tribe on improved cultivation practices of tomato. The study was conducted purposively in Mawryngkneng Block in East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya in the year 2022. A descriptive research design was applied for the study. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview method using pre - structure interview schedule Knowledge of the farmers was measured by asking 13 questions in respect to tomato cultivation practices. Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r) was employed to determine the relationship between independent variables and knowledge of the respondents. Finding showed that (78.33%) of the respondents had medium level of knowledge, (10%) of the respondents had high level of knowledge and only (3.33%) of the respondents had low level of knowledge about improved cultivation practices of tomato. Co-efficient of correlation (r) analysis indicated that land holding, farming experience, extension contact and sources of information are significantly associated with knowledge of farmers whereas variables like: age, education, annual income, family type, size of family, and occupation was found to be non-significant with the knowledge of farmers towards improved cultivation practices of tomato. Extension Workers should frequently contact with the farmers for disseminating of proper information which in turn lead to better implementation of improved practices.
The present study was undertaken to know the Marketing cost and margins, Price spread, Marketing efficiency of Buffalo and Cow milk. The study has been undertaken in the Paravada block of Visakhapatnam district. A total of 100 sample respondents are analyzed. Among these 55 are small farmers, 34 are medium farmers and 11 are large farmers. For buffalo milk, in channel-I, the overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 49.43, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.56.07. In channel-II, The overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 46.34, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.58.55. In channel-III, the net price received by the producer is Rs. 39.23, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.60. For cow milk, in channel-I, the overall average net price received by the producer is Rs. 36.50, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.45.22. In channel-II, The overall average net price received by the producer is Rs.33.93, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.48.87. In channel-III, the net price received by the producer is Rs.30.50, and the consumer purchase price is Rs.50. Market efficiency revealed that for buffalo milk Market efficiency of channel-I is high with 8.4, market efficiency revealed that for cow milk Market efficiency of channel-I is high with 5.18. Farmers should focus on the marketing channels where there are fewer intermediaries and can attain maximum profits. There is a need for an up gradation of the dairying technologies like for milking, usage of milking machines is more sophisticated than following the traditional methods.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), widely considered as 'The king of vegetables', has been the most commonly cultivated food crop after rice, wheat and maize [1]. Potato growers were unable to meet the large expenses for cultivation from their own sources and they are bound to take credit from different sources due to high capital intensive nature of the crop [2]. They borrow credit in cash and kind from a number of sources. Coochbehar –II block has been selected purposively and a total of 100 potato growers were selected randomly from 5 villages. Primary data were collected using a pre-tested structured schedule. Ranking method and Garrett Ranking method were adopted to determine the problems and challenges encountered by potato growers with regards to farm credit acquisition. Among the institutional borrowers the main challenge is the unavailability of farm credit on time followed by insufficient credit limit, high interest rates charged by the financial institutes and delay in loan approval/disbursement, respectively. From the study area it was found that still lots of small and marginal farmers meet their credit needs from the non institutional sources and they are forced to pay a very high interest rate. For non institutional borrowers the major challenge is the fear of repayment/becoming defaulter followed by no proper land records, Small land holdings/no extra income source and collateral issues, respectively. The study suggests that financial institutes should come forward to meet the credit constraints and challenges faced by the potato farmers. Necessary steps must be taken care to reduce the rate of over-dependence on non-institutional sources by expanding its outreach to the corner most villages. The co-operative societies need to be expanded and strengthen to achieve maximum outreach to the small and marginal farmers. Repayment behavior needs to be inculcated to the borrowers to reduce willful default. Banks and co-operatives must regularly render counseling to the distressed farmers, which could sort out many of their constraints.
To study the resource use efficiency and constraints faced by the farmers in Balrampur district of Uttar Pradesh was conducted in agriculture year 2020-21. Multistage sampling technique was used. The study pertains and data gathered was analyzed and it was found that the return to scale in marginal farm was 0.93, in small size farm it was about 0.92 and in medium size farm the return to scale was found to be 0.96. The major constraints faced by the farmers in production of Sugarcane are High cost of Input, High Interest on Loans, High Labor Cost, High Incidence of Disease, Lack of Irrigation water supply, Inadequate Credit, Delay in Sanction of crop loan, Uncertain Weather, Lack of knowledge and important Technology and Poor Soil Fertility and the constraint faced by the farmers in Marketing of Sugarcane are Delay in Cash Payment, High Commission Charges, Malpractices in weighing, Price Fluctuation, High cost of transportation, Lack of storage facility, Market is far from production, Lack of information about government schemes and subsidies, Illegal deduction and Lack of skilled labor.
Cloud kitchens are commercial kitchens that prepare food only for delivery purpose and do not provide dine-in facility for customers. In the cloud kitchen model, a brand owns or rents a space where its chefs work and uses its own or third-party order and delivery systems. It may also provide a takeaway service where customers can wait to collect their food. The cost incurred to establish a cloud kitchen is much lesser than conventional restaurant and can be situated within a small area and it has less operational costs due to which cloud kitchens are more profitable than normal restaurants. In this perspective, the study is conducted to analyze the financial viability of cloud kitchen firms. Hyderabad city was preferred as the study area. For the analysis, data was collected through personal interviews from the selected cloud kitchen firms with the help of structured questionnaire. Data regarding the establishment and operational costs of cloud kitchen firms are taken from cloud kitchen. The analytical tools NPV and B: C ratios are used to know the financial feasibility of the cloud kitchen firms.
Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) are need for the hour to empower the agrarian community in various dimensions. Farmers are organized into FPOs for tackling marketing problems, productivity issues, collective farming and challenges arising from small farm sizes. In view of reality the present study was carried out to assess the performance of FPOs. The present study was conducted in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. The findings of the study revealed that there was a provision of input services like quality seeds, custom hiring centers, fertilizers and micronutrients to members of FPO. Timely information on crop production and protection was easily accessible to members. The findings also revealed that FPO members got reliable market information, through collective procurement of produce got more remunerative prices and transparent payments. These aspects built trust among the members towards FPO. Like-wise in networking facilities improved knowledge and skill of farmers through contact with SAUs and KVKs were observed. The financial services offered to FPO farmers enhanced their access to government schemes and subsidies. Hence, improvements were observed in revenue generation, profit attainment, social recognition and self-confidence. FPO needs further improvements to compete with corporate enterprises and international markets. So the concept of collectivization should be promoted, nurtured and supported by the government to improve the farmer's share in rural enterprise. Through consistent efforts by the government for FPOs will be reached in near future for the concept of a farmer to Agri entrepreneur.
Mango fruits are perishable, and as a result, they are prone to significant post-harvest losses. However, mango fruits lost roughly 35% of their value at several phases from farm to consumer level. Enhanced Freshness Formulation (EFF) is a relatively new technology that has been proven to help prolong shelf life, minimize insect problems, and improve fruit quality. The objective of the study was analyze the perception of mango growers towards EFF technology. Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. Krishnagiri district was selected purposively since it possessed the maximum number of farmers who had adopted EFF technology. The duration of the study was about 1 month, June 2022. Based on simple random sampling, the data has been collected from 120 mango growers by using pre-testing and a well-structured interview schedule. The statistical tool used was descriptive statistics. EFF users placed a higher value on shelf life (4.608) followed by uniform ripening (4.375), fruit freshness (4.083), and finally environmental repercussions (1.8) and minimal adverse health (1.7). EFF technology is considered vital in enhancing fruit quality and prolonging shelf life. These twin benefits can allow farmers to sell fruits in niche and high-value markets, reduce postharvest losses and improve economic returns for the farmers.
Aims: The main aim of this study is to assess the resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production and to determine factors that influence the technical efficiency of banana production in Tiruchirappalli district of Tamil Nadu.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out using the primary data from the sample banana farmers of Tiruchirappalli district from April 2022 – May 2022.
Methodology: The Cobb Douglas production function and Stochastic Frontier Analysis was used to find resource use efficiency and technical efficiency of banana production in the study area.
Results: The results shows that organic manure, chemical fertilizer, and micronutrient were significant resources. An increase in the usage of these resources will increase the yield, and the other resources which are not significant should be appropriately used to increase the yield. The mean technical efficiency of banana farmers in the Tiruchirappalli district is around seventy per cent, which shows that thirty per cent of farmers were not technically sound.
Conclusion: The finding of the study reveals that the good quality suckers and appropriate chemical fertilizers should be incorporated to increase production and productivity. Government should concentrate on extension activities by properly disseminating information to farmers, such as correct production technologies and the required quantities of inputs used, and create awareness about the availability of good quality suckers in the formal institutions.
Improved people's livelihoods have a great potential to solve food insecurity issues. The uptake and use of enhanced agricultural technologies have been identified as one of the best ways to improve yields of smallholder rural farmers leading to improved livelihoods and stable socio-economic growth. This adoption has been attributed to higher incomes, better nutritional conditions, access to food stability and prices, more employment opportunities, and improved payments for the rural poor. NERICA rice was one such agricultural technology introduced in many countries across Africa to enable smallholder farmers to achieve food security. Previous studies on NERICA adoption in Africa show mixed findings on its effect on rural livelihoods. The main objective of this study was to examine the influence of NERICA rice agricultural technology on the livelihoods of smallholder households in Migori. The study on agricultural technology adoption and livelihood is of great concern to many stakeholders in Kenya because previous studies report low adoption of agricultural technologies in rural households of smallholders whose livelihoods depend on farming and are food insecure. The study was carried out in Migori County. Multistage sampling was used by combining purposive and simple random sampling. Data was collected from 262 NERICA rice farmers selected using a simple random sample, 22 key informants were purposively selected and interviewed, and eight focus group discussions were conducted from purposively selected NERICA rice-farming villages. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS computer software. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis, and the integrated data was triangulated and used to write this report. The findings revealed that the adoption of NERICA contributed to the livelihoods of smallholder farmers by increasing their incomes, creating food security and enhancing their social capital.
The study aims to assess the awareness level of Geographical indication on Madurai Malli in Madurai district. It was found that Majority of the respondents were having low level of awareness on GI Madurai malli. It was inferred from farmers in the study area doesn’t know the real benefits of GI and its importance in the socio-economic development of the community. In the domestic market the farmers really find any changes in the price hike due to GI tag might be the reason for low level of awareness on Geographical indication on Madurai Malli among the beneficiary respondents.
The present study was conducted purposively in Jammu and Samba districts because these two districts were having the maximum area under knol-khol cultivation in Jammu region. A proportionate random sampling procedure, based on the area under knol-khol cultivation in these districts was employed for the selection of villages. The area under knol- khol cultivation in Jammu district and Samba district was 599 ha and 121 ha, respectively. A list of knol-khol growing villages was prepared and 12 villages from Jammu district and 2 villages from Samba district were randomly selected. A list of knol-khol growing farmers with a minimum of 1 kanal (1/20 ha) area under vegetable cultivation was prepared from the selected villages during the year 2020 and 10 farmers from each selected village were randomly selected, The KVK Samba carried out front line demonstrations (FLDs) of the university released G 40 variety of knol-khol. The KVK laid 9 demonstrations on the farmers’ fields, each in 2017-18 and 2018-19. In the year 2019-20 KVK samba again laid the FLDs for 20 farmers. Thus, to study the adoption and adoptability of university released G 40 knol-khol variety, 38 farmers of Samba district were selected as final respondents. Thus, a total sample of 178 (140+ 38) farmers were taken as respondents for the present study. The result showed that majority of the respondents fell under middle age category. Literacy rate of the respondents were quite good. Social participation of the respondents was low. Average operational land holding of the respondents was 1.24 ha and that majority of the respondents were fell under small (1-2 ha) and marginal (<1 ha) category of farmers. Cow was possessed by majority of the respondents.
Agriculture is an age-old Profession in India and is considered just a way of living rather than a profession or an occupation to earn money. Since India has a massive power as more than half of its population is below 35 years of age and several agricultural students are being graduated from several universities, it is the need of the hour to orient the graduates to go along the mainstream of the development process of the country by encouraging them to enter into the agriculture and make it a profitable sector Taking this into consideration, a research study was conducted to know the constraints faced by agriculture graduates in adopting farming as a profession. The study was conducted at Sri Venkateswara Agricultural College, Tirupati of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU) with its headquarters at Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. A sample size of 120 agricultural undergraduates were randomly selected for the study. The study revealed that the constraint, “Need for financial security” was ranked at first position followed by the constraints like instability in market prices, non-agriculture background, lack of initial investment, lack of family support, and lack of cultivable land. Furthermore, when respondents were asked for suggestions, the top three responses were: more exposure and field excursions, internships in new start-ups, and more actual work than theory.
The demand for milk from indigenous cows had greatly grown over the time, particularly in India. There is a shift toward the consumption of milk from indigenous cows to milk from cross breed cows for a variety of reasons, including the health benefits and other attributes like taste, quality and freshness. The objective of the study was to understand the consumer buying behaviour and preference for consumption and purchase of indigenous cow milk. Through purposive sampling, data on purchase and consumption was collected between March 2022 and May 2022 from 50 indigenous cow milk consumers in Coimbatore city. Primary data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. Relative Importance Index and Garett’s ranking technique were carried out to analyse the information collected. The study’s results revealed that comparatively higher price and less availability of indigenous cow milk was the major limitation for the consumers in purchasing indigenous cow milk and it could be evident that the health benefits of indigenous cow milk was the first factor influencing the sample respondents to purchase and consume indigenous cow milk.
The present study investigate the efficiency of marketing of Apple in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Kullu district was purposively selected for the study as apple is primarily grown crop in the district. The sample drawn for the study comprised of 100 apple growers of Kullu and Naggar blocks. The various analytical tools were used to analyse the efficiency of marketing channels of apple. The marketing channels involves in the study area is three in number, channel I (Producer– Retailer–Consumer) was the most effective channel as it had the highest marketing efficiency index of 2.28. Majority 18 per cent of the growers marketed apple through channel II (Producer– Wholesaler–Retailer–Consumer). The price spread was the lowest (Rs. 397.9) in channel I (Producer–Retailer–Consumer); and accordingly, the producer’s share in final consumer rupee was the highest (69.57 %) in channel I.
Aims: To assess the factors influencing dietary diversity of Pubic Distribution System Beneficiary Households in rural and urban areas.
Study Design: Purposive Random Sampling was used.
Place and Duration of Study: In Tamil Nadu, the Villupuram district was purposively selected for the study. The survey was conducted for the collection of primary data about the period April to May 2022.
Methodology: Based on the food security index of Tamil Nadu State Human Development Report 2017, the Villupuram district was selected for the study which falls under the low food security index. In this district, rural and urban households were randomly selected. The Simpson Dietary Diversity Index was used for the analysis. The Multiple Linear Regression method was used to understand the difference in food habits, quality of diet intake, and the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of the dietary diversity of public distribution system beneficiary households in the study area.
Results: The overall result of the Simpson Index of Dietary Diversity (SIDD) score of rural and urban households are 0.78 and 0.85 respectively. The results clearly showed that urban PDS beneficiary households had higher dietary diversity than rural PDS beneficiaries’ households. Monthly income, age, household size, and distance of PDS shops may enhance dietary diversity, thereby improving the nutritional status of households.
Conclusion: The dietary diversity of rural PDS beneficiary households differs significantly from urban PDS beneficiary households, owing to a higher intake of nutritious foods in urban PDS beneficiary households for dietary diversity. Price subsidy on the staple food commodities has different effects on the consumption pattern and dietary diversity for low, middle, and higher-income people in Public Distribution System. This study suggests that PDS beneficiary poor people to buy cheaper items rather than high-value commodities such as fruits, milk, meats, and fish compared to high-income groups for dietary diversity.
Path analysis was used to identify the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on dependent variables. The study intends to find out the key independent variables which affect the attitude and career preferences of polytechnic students. A sample of 240 students were selected from three polytechnics viz., Agriculture, Seed technology and Organic farming using simple random sampling procedure. Path analysis was used to understand the route of influence of independent variables (profile characteristics) on the dependent variables namely attitude and career preferences. Path analysis revealed that the direct effect of profile characteristics with attitude was exerted by achievement motivation followed by self confidence, mass media exposure, whereas highest total indirect effects profile characteristics with attitude was exerted by achievement motivation followed by mass media exposure, self confidence, Size of land holding. Path analysis revealed that the direct effect of profile characteristics with career preferences was exerted by caste followed by family occupation, achievement motivation, whereas highest total indirect effects profile characteristics with career preferences was exerted by family occupation followed by achievement motivation, caste.
Socio-economic development of rural households is directly linked with the extent of access and usage of financial services, since it equips the households with credit in times of emergency and also useful in upliftment of their status by investing in the productive purposes. Despite possessing bank account by all rural households under study, access and usage of the financial services was found to be very low. The present study was conducted during the year 2019-20 with an attempt to analyse the determinants of usage of banking services and constraints that would be responsible in availing the financial services by rural households in Andhra Pradesh and to suggest measures to improve the financial inclusion. A total of 410 rural households in Andhra Pradesh were selected using multistage sampling procedure. The data on the determinants of usage of banking services were tabulated, coded and analysed through logistic regression using SPSS version 20.0 software and responses collected on constraints of financial inclusion were analysed using Garrett Ranking Technique. Explanatory variables like occupation, education status, income level of the household and land holding were statistically significant and a one unit increase in these variables favours the odds ratio of a household usage of banking services. Among the constraints identified, financial illiteracy emerged as the top most constraint of accessing the financial services followed by the difficulty in getting a loan/emergency credit from the financial institutions. So, to improve the accessibility and usage of formal financial services, there is need to simplify the procedures of financial institutions and also the security norms have to be relaxed for the rural households. Financial literacy has to be increased by conducting periodical training programmes by the concerned banks in the area to strengthen the accessibility to financial services.
The human community all over the world are growing consciousness over poisonous residues of agrochemicals in the food they consume and also on the health and environmental hazards associated with it. This therefore lead to a re-invention of an alternate form of agriculture devoid of contaminants. Organic agriculture is one among the broad spectrums of production systems which avoids the use of synthetic agrochemicals and ensures safety and sustainability. An Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The study was conducted in Coimbatore and Tirupur districts to study the extent of adoption of farmers towards organic vegetable cultivation. The analysis of the data inferred that two-fifths of the respondents (40.83%) belonged to old aged category. Regarding the belief of farmers in organic farming it was found that nearly half of the respondents (49.17%) had belief only in organic farming and avoided conventional farming methods. It was interesting to note that almost all the respondents (100%) had full adoption towards timely irrigation and mulching practices.
Indian consumers are more health-conscious, preferring safe, natural, organic, and herbal items, particularly in personal care and cosmetics. Its popularity and demand are growing every year. Herbs are becoming increasingly popular in the personal care product segment. The growing demand for herbal products begun with the launch of Patanjali products in 2016. It also affected the sales of other conventional products. Other companies and multinational corporations have also started launching herbal and natural products. The aim of this study is to analyze and understand the behavioural differences between rural and urban consumers to develop a marketing plan for herbal products. About 150 people in Namakkal district were surveyed about their awareness and preferences as well as their consumption and satisfaction with branded herbal personal care products. According to the study's findings, Himalaya Herbals have a high degree of awareness in both rural and urban consumer and it was clear that brand image and health consciousness were the most important influencing factors for rural and urban consumers, respectively.
The study aims to identify and describe the variety of coping strategies used by household’s disaster prone highlands and lowlands of Kerala. A multi stage sampling method was adopted for data collection purpose first stage from districts of Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta, Idukki and Wayanad and at the second level, two acutely damaged panchayaths (both in terms of crop damage and area affected) The requisite data were collected through an interview schedule consisting of both open ended and close ended questions. The data collection period was from 02th September 2021 to 30th December 2021 and the interviews were conducted in local language. A total sample size of 520 farmers were selected. Coping Strategies Index for Floods and Landslides were developed for farmers, at individual, community and government level in the highlands and lowlands of Kerala. Results show that to mitigate the negative impacts of natural disasters especially floods, primarily, farmers must be willing to improve their capacity to adapt by adopting new strategies and this depends upon the socio economical context of the farmers, support of the local authorities, and access to technologies. At the government level, policy makers often lack the necessary information on how farmers are being impacted by floods. The adaptive behaviour for coping strategies, varies from region to region. Absence of such critical information becomes a barrier for policy makers in addressing long term nature of climate change and in formulating effective adaptation framework at the local level. Hence concluded that both lowlands and highland area possess different flood coping mechanisms. In highland borrowing of capital after flood was the strategy found whereas in lowland application and usage of more chemical fertilizers and pesticides was the strategy adopted.
This study analyzes the farmers' buying behaviour with reference to hybrid vegetable seeds. The research was carried out in the major six vegetable growing blocks of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu. A total of 120 farmers were selected using the simple random sampling method. The major Hybrid vegetables grown in the study area were tomato, gourds, bhendi, chilli and brinjal. Yield, price, quality, pest and disease resistance were the major factors influencing the farmers’ buying behaviour of vegetable seeds. Pest and disease attacks and high seed prices were the significant problems that the sample farmers were facing when cultivating hybrid vegetables. Field demonstrations and free samples to vegetable growers were the two most common promotional activities used by hybrid vegetable seed companies.
The main purpose of the study was to ascertain the adoption of recommended cabbage cultivation technology of the farmers in east khasi hills district, Meghalaya. The aforementioned study was conducted in Mawryngkneng Block in East Khasi Hills District,Meghalaya in the year 2022. A descriptive research designed was applied for this study. The primary data was collected from 120 respondents by personal interview method using pre-structure interview schedule. Adoption of the farmers was measured by asking 14 question in respect of cabbage cultivation. Findings showed that 56.67 per cent of the respondents have medium adoption level of cabbage cultivation, followed by low adoption level i.e., 33.33 per cent and high adoption level 10 per cent respectively. The relationship between profile of the respondents and their adoption about the improved cabbage cultivation practices the co-efficient correlation was revealed that independent variables like education, land holding, farming experience, extention contact and cosmopolite/source of information are positive and significantly associated with adoption of farmers.
This research project had the purpose to discuss the impact of the Brand Image of the hypermarket among the customers in Coimbatore city. Retailer’s brand image is the key factor that help them to engage with customers and influence their buying behaviors. The concept of the brand image draws vital attention from the practitioners as it plays a significant role in marketing activities. In this study, the concept of brand image of a hypermarket in second largest city of tamilnadu had been discussed. A convenient sampling with a sample size of 200 has been used in the hypermarket for the present study. Percentage analysis and Relative Importance Index are the tools that are used in the study for the analysis of samples. The purpose of this study is to find how the store’s brand image had reached the customers and the reason for its reach. Finding and discussion were about Impact of Brand Image on Consumer Purchase Behaviour in hypermarket, brand image factors and how it helps the company to influence customers purchasing behavior.
Tacit knowledge is key in managing the performance of agricultural research organizations. This study analyzed the adequacy of tacit knowledge transfer techniques, how tacit knowledge transfer enables achievement of performance indicators of Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), and the nature of association between tacit knowledge transfer and researchers' performance. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, used cluster sampling and a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data from 191 respondents in KALRO research centers. Data were analyzed using the Likert scale and Chi-square in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Collaborative research, workshops and seminars are the most adequate techniques for transferring tacit knowledge among agricultural researchers and enhancing their performance. Cognitive Self-Motivation, collective and local tacit knowledge are the most useful types of tacit knowledge in enhancing agricultural researchers' performance. Management of agricultural research projects and writing of research fund-winning proposals were the performance indicators that researchers were most enabled to attain by tacit knowledge. Chi-square showed that there was significant association between the types of tacit knowledge and performance of researchers. In conclusion, use of tacit knowledge transfer techniques enables researchers to achieve their organization’s performance indicators and a significant positive association exists between tacit knowledge and researchers’ performance. KALRO needs to encourage more use of the most employed techniques in management of agricultural research projects and writing of research fund winning proposals through workshops, seminars and its knowledge management policy.
The study explores the analysis of the growth rates and instability of tomato area, production and export of tomato and its products from India during the study period 2001-2002 to 2019-2020 based on secondary data. The period of the study was 20 years, which was divided into three periods i.e., Period Ⅰ (2001-2002 to 2009-2010), Period Ⅱ (2011-2012 to 2019-2020) and overall period (2001-2002 to 2019-2020). The data collected from various publications including FAO, India stats, APEDA and APMC. The data was analysed with the help of analytical tool i.e., compound growth rate (CGR) and coefficient of variation (CV). In overall period, positive growth rate and significant was observed in area, production, export quantity of tomato, export value of tomato, export quantity of tomato paste, export quantity of tomato peeled and export value of tomato peeled, with CGR of 3.66, 6.58, 8.06, 3.60, 10.46, 4.34 and 1.06 per cent, respectively. The export of tomato juice and export of tomato paste was showed negative growth rate and non - significant. During overall period, the higher coefficient of variation was observed in export quantity of tomato juice, tomato peeled, tomato paste and fresh tomato with CV of 145.56, 91.35, 82.87 and 82.97 per cent respectively. The lower CV was observed in area, and production with a value of 23.53 and 36.56 per cent respectively. The result was concluded that the tomato and its products have better export potential in future.
The fastest-growing segment of the Indian retail market is e-retailing. E-commerce has been a benefit for customers throughout the pandemic. This study assists in identifying the problems that consumers encounter when shopping for groceries online at hypermarkets. It also analyses the consumer's usage patterns when it comes to online grocery shopping. The consumers using the online grocery shopping were contacted for the study. The purposive sampling method was used to identify 120 consumers. Primary data was collected from individual respondents by using a well-structured interview schedule. Simple percentage analysis, Garrett ranking techniques were used to analyses this study objective. The result findings from this study are, Trust on online retailors was the major issue faced by consumer while using online grocery shopping with Garrett score of (70.57). Nearly 39 per cent of consumers frequency of shopping using online grocery shopping was slightly frequently. And 38.3 per cent of consumer spending 5 to 10 hours for using online grocery shopping per month.
The present study was conducted in Manchirial district of Telangana. Being the leading BT cotton producer in the country, cotton production in Telangana has many problems and constraints. The major problems faced by the cotton farmers were changing weather conditions, price fluctuations. There’s also been a labour scarcity, transportation and lack of preservation techniques which make the farmer to sell cotton at low cost. From Out of total blocks of Manchirial district one block has been selected purposely on the basis having high total area, production of BT Cotton for current study. Farmers growing BT Cotton is collected from Village Agriculture Assistant (VAA) and selected among them randomly. Highest quantity of produce was sold through channel I and comparably lowest quantity of produce was sold through channel III and channel II. Producer share in consumer price was highest in channel III i.e., 84.97% compared to channel I i.e., 84.64% and lowest in channel II i.e., 83.85%. Price spread was highest in channel I i.e., RS 1168/qtl compared to channel II i.e., RS 1037/qtl and channel III i.e., 1010. Marketing efficiency was highest in channel III i.e., 6.65% compared to channel II i.e., 6.19%% and channel III i.e., 6.51%.
In Bhadradri Kothagudem District, cotton is the main cash crop that produces better returns than anticipated, although there are several significant factors that hinder the profit. The present study will make an effort to study and identify the issues cotton growers confront. 100 cotton farmers were chosen at random from the Telangana district of Bhadradri kothagudem. Five villages in the Cherla block were chosen at random for the study: Upparigudem, Singhasamudram, Mallaram, Gannavaram, and G. colony. In this study, the socioeconomic circumstances in the chosen study area were analysed in order to examine the problems that cotton growers face. The study discovers that the age, education, and farming experience of the head of home have a substantial impact on enhanced cotton cultivation..To find out the most significant factor which influences in cotton cultivation , Garrett's ranking technique is used to determine the most important factor influencing the response. Garrett's Ranking Technique allows you to convert the orders of problems into numerical scores. The benefit of this method is that the problems are sorted according to their severity from the respondents' perspective and it concludes that cotton farmers' biggest issue was their ignorance of modern scientific crop practices, and their least significant issue was a lack of timely access to financing [1].
The present study aimed at using the co-integration analysis, to find out, if or not, there exists a long run relationship amongst the consumption of sunflower oil and the tariff rates, imports, production and domestic prices in India. The co-integration analysis was also used to confirm if there exists market integration for edible sunflower oil for domestic and international markets. Annual time series secondary data was collected for tariff rates, consumption, from various sources for this study. The test was carried out using E-Views software. The results indicate strong long run relationship of consumption of edible sunflower oil with all the independent variables taken into consideration as three cointegrating equations were obtained. Only one cointegration equation was obtained when international prices and domestic prices were subjected to this test, indicating a relationship amongst the domestic and international markets and suggesting the presence of market integration.
The current study is aimed at using co-integration in assessing the level of market integration among selected cotton markets in India. Monthly cotton price data were collected for the period 2008-09 and 2016-17 from the AGMARKNET website. The advanced time series econometric tools like Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Johansen co-integration test and Granger Causality test were used to study market integration using E-Views software. The price series for cotton in selected markets were subjected to the consequences of unit root and were stationary at first difference. The long-run equilibrium relationship among the cotton markets indicated that these markets were integrated with each other. This implied that prices in Indian cotton markets tend together in response to changes in the demand and supply of cotton. Granger Causality test revealed that the Salem market was the lead cotton market because it influenced the prices of Kurnool and Warangal cotton markets.
Soil is natural non-renewable resources on human time scale which is the foundation for sustainable agriculture. In view of this, Global soil partnership was conducted by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization at its headquarters in Rome, Italy, from 7 to 9 September 2011. With this, Government of India had launched the Soil Health Card Scheme (SHCs) in 2015. The scheme main objective is to distribute SHCs to each farmer in the country with advanced technologies such as GPS-enabled tablets and mass testing, along with better fertilizer subsidy policies. The research study was conducted during 2019-2020 to analyse farmers’ Use efficiency of SHC. Data was collected using a standardised and pre-tested interview schedule. It was revealed that slightly more than the three fifth SHC holders had partially used of overall use efficiency on SHC information (60.83 %), followed by not used (20.00 %) and fully used (19.17 %) of overall use efficiency on SHC information, respectively. All profile characteristics of farmers except mass media exposure had a significant to highly significant association with regard to use efficiency of SHCs. The results also revealed that there is a significant association between attitude and use efficiency (chi-square value 29.66).
The present study was carried out to analyse the constraints faced by rice growers in Cauvery Delta Zone (CDZ) of Tamil Nadu in use of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) modern rice varieties and to elicit suggestions for improving the adoption of TNAU modern rice varieties. Ex-Post Facto Research Design was followed in this study since it aimed to know the constraints faced by the rice growers. The study was conducted during May and June 2022. The selected districts for the study were Thanjavur, Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Mayiladuthurai based on maximum area under rice cultivation. From each of the four districts, two blocks were selected and from the selected blocks, two villages from each block were selected for the study based on maximum area under rice cultivation. Based on proportionate random sampling technique, 160 respondents were selected for the study. The responses of the respondents were subjected to frequency and percentage analysis. More than three fourth of the respondents expressed lodging (83.10%) followed by disease infestation (81.90%) and pest infestation (80.60%) as the major constraints. Lack of awareness and knowledge in adopting TNAU modern rice varieties was expressed by around one-third (36.30%) of the respondents. Availability of non-lodging varieties (91.90%), flood tolerant varieties (91.30%), availability of disease-resistant varieties (90.00%), pest-resistant varieties (89.40%) and increasing promotional efforts (85.00%) were the major suggestions given by the rice growers for increasing the use TNAU modern rice varieties.
This paper examined the sources, nature and characteristics of agricultural digital content accessed by smallholder farmers in Nakuru County, Kenya. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. A sample of 130 farmers and 12 Agricultural Extension staff were selected using purposive, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques. Questionnaires and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data. The results of the study indicated that 79.2 percent and 67.7 percent of smallholder farmers received agricultural digital content through listening to the local radio and TV stations that aired agricultural programmes respectively. The findings of the study also revealed that 60.8 percent of farmers used mobile phone calls while 46.9 percent used Short Messaging Services (SMS) to access agricultural digital content. e-books, journal, blogs, websites and pictures were the least used in accessing agricultural digital content among the smallholder framers. The findings of the study also indicated that the cost of receiving agricultural digital content was relatively fair for texting, making phone calls, listening to agricultural radio programmes and watching agricultural TV programmes. Agricultural digital content received by farmers through radio, TV and mobile phone calls were indicated to be good in terms of timeliness, reliability and details. The language used in receiving digital content through phone calls radio and TV were also scored highly because local language is used for interaction. Texting, phone calls, radio and TV were also rated highly in terms of relevance of content. The study concluded that there is a high interest for agricultural digital content among the smallholder farmers and that they are already accessing it majorly through radio, TV and mobile phones. There is need however, to ensure that the content is regulated by the government through an established regulatory body in order to ensure quality agricultural information is disseminated to farmers. The content should also be based on farmers’ level of knowledge and skills.
We examined food consumption pattern of farm households in Andhra Pradesh. Income and price elasticities were also estimated for major food items using AIDS model. The Primary data were collected from 240 farm households spread over in different regions of Andhra Pradesh. The results revealed that monthly food expenditure for all the income groups was Rs.7450. The per centage of food expenditure was high for meat followed by pulses, cereals, vegetables, oil and fruits for all the income groups. The income elasticities of demand for major food items revealed that cereals had low elasticities for all the income groups when compared to elasticities of livestock and horticulture products such as milk, meat, fruits, vegetables etc. Crop diversification and milch animals rearing should be strengthened for regular income to the farm households which will reduce the food expenditure inequalities among farm households.
Aims: To find out the cost of cultivation, marketing costs, marketing margins, price spread, marketing efficiency and constraints faced by organic and conventional Carrot and Potato growing farmers.
Study Design: Multistage Sampling was used.
Place and Duration of Study: The Nilgiris district in Tamil Nadu was chosen for the research. A primary survey was conducted to gather first-hand information related to the study.
Methodology: The costs and returns, the Acharyas-Agarwal’s method and Shepherd’s method of Marketing efficiency and the Response priority index were used in this study.
Results: The cost of cultivation of organically and conventionally grown carrot were Rs.6,28,165.24 and Rs.6,50,567.84 with B: C ratios of 3.56 and 2.15 respectively. The cost of cultivation of organically and conventionally grown potato were Rs.4,97,869.79 and Rs.5,48,894.71 with B: C ratios of 2.37 and 1.71 respectively. Organic vegetable marketing was done through producer-retailer-consumer and producer-consumer channels. For conventional vegetables, producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer and producer-retailer-consumer were the marketing channels. The Acharyas-Agarwal’s and Shepherd’s method of marketing efficiencies in channel-I and II for organic carrot were 1.97, 7.37, 13.07 and 13.07 respectively and for conventional, the marketing efficiencies in Channel – I and II of carrot were 0.98, 2.16, 1.52 and 3.47 respectively. The marketing efficiencies measured by the Acharyas-Agarwal’s and Shepherd’s method in channel I and II of organically grown potato were 1.71, 7.59, 15.97, and 15.97 respectively and for conventionally grown potato, they were 1.21, 2.36, 1.52 and 3.08 respectively. The major constraints faced by organic and conventional farming farmers were lack of awareness on certification procedures and pests and disease incidence respectively.
Conclusion: As major inputs were prepared in the field, the cost of cultivation for organically grown carrot and potato is lower than for conventionally grown carrot and potato. They have high B:C ratios since organic produce fetches a higher price than conventional produce. The B:C ratio for conventional carrot indicates higher returns than potato. The channel – II in organic and conventional marketing of carrot and potato has higher marketing efficiency because they have less intermediaries.
Value chain analysis for leather includes number of value addition activities and various stakeholders. A study was conducted to understand the value chain and market efficiency of leather products was done at Thirupathur district, as it is a major area for leather manufacturing. In Thirupathur district, three taluks were taken for the study with thirty livestock farmers, thirty wholesalers, thirty retailers and thirty leather processing industries were contacted based on simple random sampling. The purpose of the study is mapping and analysing the market efficiency of leather processing in, three major channels were found in this study area. Results show that channel I was the most efficient analysed by both Shepherd’s and Acharya’s market efficiency method as it is the shortest channel. Channel II and III were less efficient channels. The main constraint faced by the leather processing industries were poor drying facilities, unavailability of skin and hides throughout the processing year.
In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the quality deterioration of iceberg lettuce during its supply chain i.e. during the pre-harvesting, harvesting and post-harvesting period. Further, it was tried to identify the cost of cultivation of iceberg lettuce per hectare and the crop rotation followed by the farmers. The Nilgiris District of the Tamilnadu state was the study area for this research. For this study, 30 farmers were selected for data collection based on convenience sampling. From these farmers during the pre-harvesting, harvesting and post-harvesting period every 10 samples of iceberg lettuce heads were taken for inspection and observations were recorded during quality inspection. From the study, it was found that the major part of the quality deterioration takes place during the post-harvest period. This paper focused on the comparison of the quality parameters done before dispatch and after, the knowledge of iceberg lettuce growing farmers. It was identified for the chemical application the spraying techniques used for the growing of iceberg lettuce. These current practices of farmers for the chemical application and spraying techniques are compared with the standard practices to identify the loopholes in the current practices of the farmers. It was found that the total cost of cultivation was 66495 rupees/acre.
Karnataka is the third largest producer of pomegranate in India. Pomegranate holds 6th position in overall fruit production with share of 4.5% next to Papaya (6%) in the state of Karnataka during 2019-20. Chitradurga and Tumkur districts were selected based on the major pomegranate cultivating areas in South Karnataka. This study was proposed to identify the marketing channels and it’s efficiency, and factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers in Karnataka. From the selected pomegranate producing districts, four taluks were selected for the study, i.e., Hiriyur and Hosadurga taluks from Chitradurga district, Sira and Pavagada taluks from Tumkur district. From each taluk 30 sample respondents were selected, a total of 120 sample respondents were selected randomly for the study. In addition a sample of 40 market intermediaries were selected, i.e., pre-harvest contractors, commission agents cum wholesalers, wholesalers, and retailers from each 10 respondents were selected, to workout marketing cost and marketing margins for pomegranate. Based on the study findings, three different marketing channels were prominently followed by the pomegranate growers in the selected districts. Channel I: Producer → Pre-harvest contractor → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer, Channel II: Producer → Commission agent cum wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer and Channel III: Producer → Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The study also revealed that 59.2% of the sample respondents followed channel I, 26.7%, followed channel II and 14.2% followed channel III. Further, it was found out that, channel I has low marketing efficiency i.e., 1.412, compared to Channel II (1.542) and channel III (1.932).The Channel III has more efficiency (1.932) because the total marketing cost incurred in the channel III was low i.e., ₹. 2258.7 per quintal, compared to channel I (₹. 2914.26 per quintal), and channel II (₹. 3067.5 per quintal). The results on the factors influencing the selection of marketing channels by the pomegranate growers was analyzed by using the relative importance index. The findings revealed that factors influencing to select channel I are high price fluctuations in the market, distant market, high transportation cost, ease of selling at the farm gate, and non-availability of storage and warehouse facilities, are relatively more important factors. The study also concluded that factors influencing to select channel II and channel III in the study area are availing market regulated prices, bulk sales, availing better rates or prices, timely payment, and price fixation by APMC are relatively more important factors. Profit maximization and searching for fruit exporters and bulk buyers is the main intention to choose channel II and channel III by the pomegranate growers. By considering all aspects, it is concluded that majority of the sample respondents preferred to sell their produce through channel I because the ease of selling the produce at the farm gate, and to reduce the risk of transportation, storage etc.
A purposive cum random sampling technique was adopted to study a sample of 270 dairy farmers in district Sant Kabir Nagar of Uttar Pradesh. It was all done to get acquainted with the constraints associated with the dairy respondents. Lack of technical knowledge and modern practices were found missing in the study area. the farmers showed desire to get services, infrastructure along with services of experts of concerned area so that they can get aware of modern techniques and make farm business successful.
The study was taken to analyse the Shrimp Culture Business in Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. The performance of the shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture business in terms of production, marketing, finance and also constraints faced by shrimp culture farmers was analysed. Aquaculture farmers were classified into small (1-2 ha), semi-medium (2-4 ha), medium (4-10 ha) and large farmers (>10 ha). The results revealed that the average gross income earned was Rs.31.91 lakh/ha/crop, Rs. 31.73 lakh/ha/crop, Rs. 31.79 lakh/ha/crop and Rs.32.57 lakh/ha/crop by small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers respectively. The net income per hectare per crop for large farmers (Rs.13.07 lakh) was highest followed by medium (Rs. 11.8 lakh), semi medium (Rs. 11.1 lakh) and small (Rs.10.42 lakh) shrimp culture farmers. Break-even prices revealed that small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers can choose to price one kg of shrimp above Rs. 256, Rs. 247, Rs. 239, and Rs. 228 respectively. The profitability ratio showed that Gross profit margin and net profit margin for large farmers were high when compared to small, semi-medium, medium and large farmers. Non-availability of good quality seeds and the high cost of feed were the major problems faced by the farmers in production. Fluctuations in shrimp price and insufficient market information were major marketing constraints faced by the farmers in marketing of shrimp.
Farmer producer companies were started with the objective of increasing the income of farmers through aggregation, adoption of improved technologies and access to the service and markets. Sample Farmer Producer Company was started during 2015 and it is a multi product producer company. Financial performance is one of the important criteria for sustainability of the business by the FPCs. Hence this study was proposed with the objective of analyzing the performance of multi product Producer Company. Descriptive study was helped to full the objective of this research. Primary and secondary data were collected for analyzing the performance of sample FPC. Primary data analysis showed that sample FPC established strong forward and backward linkage. Based on t test the members of the sample FPC benefited in inputs purchase, access to farm machinery, credit, and crop insurance than the non members. Even though the company’s operational performance was better, financial performance was poor. Based on the altman Z score model results, the company will bankrupt in the near future. The external borrowing of the company limits the profitability. Hence support from the Government and better financial management will make the company financially sound in the near future.
The study analyzed the technical efficiency of female cassava farmers in Surulere Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. The study specifically determined the technical efficiency of the respondents, examined the factors affecting technical efficiency and estimated the profitability of female cassava farmers in the study area. The study showed that majority of the female cassava were in their active year, most of the farmers were literate, most of the female cassava farmers were married, majority had 4 – 6 members, most of the female cassava farmers were experienced and they were small scale cassava farmers. The study also showed the variable representing farm size, agrochemical, herbicide, fertilizer, planting material and labour were found to be factors that significantly affect production. The result of the inefficiency model showed that the variables educational status and membership of farmer’s association were factors that significantly affect farmers’ inefficiency. The mean technical efficiency is 0.744 (or 74.4%). This implies that, on the average, the farmers were 74% technically efficient; hence their observed output was about 26% less than the maximum frontier output.The total variable cost, total fixed cost and the total cost were found to be ₦93,500.63, ₦40,806.25 and ₦134,306.88 respectively. Also the total revenue, gross margin and profit were found to be ₦462,373.50, ₦368,872.87 and ₦167,596.66 respectively. This indicates that cassava production is profitable in the study area.
Farm mechanization is a crucial component of contemporary agriculture. Along with lowering labour costs and human drudgery, it increases productivity. Mechanization enhances the safety and comfort of agricultural workers, the efficiency with which other inputs are used, and the quality and added value of the produce. The present study assesses the adoption pattern of farm mechanization at farm level among 120 sample paddy farmers of West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Adoption index was applied for selected sample respondents to study their adoption of machinery at different operations performed during paddy production. The overall adoption index score was 45.78. Complete adoption of mechanization was found in plant protection operation, tillage operations have average adoption index of 77.19. There was no mechanization observed in inter cultural operations and mechanization in sowing, transplanting and harvesting was observed mainly in large farms.
Mobile phones are the devices that can help to improve the livelihoods of rural people by getting much needed timely information to their fingertips at potentially low cost. Manipur is one of the North-Eastern states of India, covering an area of 22,327 sq km which nearly accounts for 0.7 per cent of the total land surface of India. The study was conducted in Bishnupur, Thoubal, Kakching, Imphal East and Imphal West districts of Manipur with 110 randomly selected respondents. It was observed that majority of the respondents (70.91%) perceived that mobile based agro-advisories were responsive in terms of timeliness of the messages and 73.64 per cent mentioned that the messages were highly relevant. In terms of the comprehension of massages, 98.18 per cent of respondents stated that massages were easy to understand, while 59.18 per cent observed that the messages were less technical and 83.64 per cent mentioned that the messages were in terms of message treatment and content adequacy. Mobile phone based agro-advisories was said to be more useful for weather forecasting by 83.64 per cent; followed by 82.73 per cent for plant protection measures; 80.91 per cent indicated that mobile advisories improved their knowledge about agriculture and allied sector as well as 80.00 per cent for fish health management. Majority of the respondents, that is, 68.18% had positive perception about mobile based agro- advisories, followed by 4.55 per cent with negative perception for the same services. Moreover, the inclusion of need based training component and convergence with different extension functionaries helped to develop an ICT based Stakeholder Interface in the field of agriculture in the region. This alternate extension system also helped to develop better rapport with the farmers and can be replicated in other hilly region of the world.
The main raw material for manufacture of paper is wood pulp which are mainly obtained from the pulpwood trees like Casuarina, Eucalyptus and Meliadubia. In Tamil Nadu, the cultivation of these pulpwood trees was promoted by two leading paper manufacturing industries viz., Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Paper Limited (TNPL) and Seshasayee Paper and Boards Limited (SPB).This study aims at estimating the cost, returns and financial feasibility of major pulpwood tree species cultivated in Tamil Nadu. The study found that the cost of cultivation of casuarina, eucalyptus and Meliadubia were Rs.1,76,939, Rs.1,60,593 and Rs.1,52,672 and the net income obtained from these trees were Rs.1,58,473, Rs.1,37,028 and Rs.1,33,831 respectively. Among these trees, Casuarina is more profitable and the results of the study concluded that the cultivation of these three major pulpwood trees are profitable and financially viable.
Honey is produced and consumed in large quantities all over the world. India ranks eighth among honey producing countries, with a production of 0.62 lakh tonnes of honey, which contributed 3.83 percent to the world production of honey (2020). The objective of the study was to identify the value chain actors in the study area and to analyse the price spread and marketing efficiency of honey in different value chain. Thrissur district was purposively selected for the study. The study was conducted during the months of May and June 2022 and in total, 100 beekeepers, all the four processors, 30 wholesalers, 30 retailers and 30 consumers were randomly selected for the study. The tools used for the study were price spread and marketing efficiency by Shepherds method. Four value chains were identified in the study area, in which the value chain I has the highest price spread and the value chain III has the least price spread which include only beekeepers and consumers. Marketing efficiency of honey value chain was computed using Shepherd’s method and the channel III was found to have the maximum efficiency with the score of 19.27, which include only beekeepers and consumers, whereas, channel I had the least marketing efficiency with score of 4.71 which mainly includes beekeepers, processors, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. The study concluded that Channel III was efficient, from which beekeepers got the highest price of Rs. 30000 from the consumers directly.
Bivoltine silk produced in Jammu and Kashmir is well recognized on global context but even though having most congenial climatic conditions, the raw silk yield is quite low. The reasons can be attributed to lack of awareness on proper rearing practices among the farmers and adoption rate of improved technologies. Therefore, current study was formulated to document the role and responsibilities of various research and extension institutions for progressive development of silk industry in Jammu and Kashmir (J and K). The survey was conducted in Poonch district of J and K, India during the month of March-April; 2021. The survey was conducted with selected (25) farmers and data were collected using questionnaire. Among 25 respondents, only 08 farmers belonged to middle age group (35 to 50 years) and 72% of them had minimum education level of below 10th standard. 21 farmers had more than 20 years of experience in sericulture and 72% farmers had very less exposure towards extension programmes. Only 15 farmers had attended training programmes and none of them have attended workshops, and farmer exhibition commonly known as kissan melas etc. Thus, the study recommends for strong need for collaboration between the farmers and extension professionals for strengthening sericulture. This would help not only to improve the farmers yield realization but also increase their income through sericulture in the long run.
Aims: ICT is crucial in bringing cutting-edge technologies to farmers and increasing farm income. However, this is not the case in practice, as farmers confront a number of obstacles when it comes to ICT adoption. Recognizing this issue, a study was conducted to learn about the constraints farmers’ confront when utilising ICT.
Study Design: A descriptive research design was employed to identify particular constrains faced by coffee growers while employing ICT tools and the data was analysed using specific statistical tools.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was undertaken on purpose in four coffee board liaison zones of Dindigul district in Tamil Nadu between May 2022 and July 2022.
Methodology: In each zone, a sample of 40 farmers was chosen at random, for a total of 160 sample farmers for the study. To examine the objectives, a well-structured and pre-tested interview schedule was employed, and data were obtained through survey in the study region. The data obtained through survey was analysed using garrett’s ranking technique.
Results: The study discovered that Lack of faith in using ICTs, lack of knowledge about ICTs' advantages, inconsistent power source, inadequate network connections, low proficiency with ICT, inadequate ICT handling abilities, negative perception of ICTs, lack of experience with ICTs in the real world and training, non-availability of multilingual ICT services, not affordable to implement ICT, non-availability of ICT service centres, and High cost of servicing ICTs were the major constraints faced by farmers in the effective use of ICTs.
Conclusion: Farmers in the study area now have greater access to and availability of ICTs, but in order for the farming community to benefit the most from better access to information services through the use of ICTs for agriculture and other developmental purposes, it is important to make sure that the problems of the farmers are addressed.
The zero hunger target, poverty elimination and depletion of soil fertility are now becoming major threat to the food security of ever increasing population across the world however, in sustainable agriculture these points are to be considered as significant challenge faced by agriculture scientist and planners. The vegetables can play a major source of minerals, vitamins beside carbohydrates and protein to meet out the malnutrition among mankind. Looking to such a difficult situation a field trial was conducted during kharif 2019 and 2020 on okra at Research Farm of Career Point University, Kota (Rajasthan). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty treatments and their combination with three replications.
The application of 140% RDF + 25 t FYM /ha was found to be the best followed by 80% RDF +3t neem cake/ha and 120% RDF + 3t neem cake/ha with a mean yield of 154.33q/ha, 146.22q/ha and 142.97q/ha along with net return of Rs.202374.43, Rs. 184118.24 and Rs. 176637.37/ha respectively when compared with recommended control (RDF) where only 104.66q/ha yield was recorded with net return of Rs. 150475.31 /ha where NPK @120: 60:60 kg/ha respectively was applied as per their recommendation in which 50% nitrogen with full phosphorus and potash were applied at sowing as basal and remaining 50% nitrogen was applied with two equal split dose at 40 days and 75 days.
This study mainly focused on the betel vine production and constraints faced by the farmers.The analysis findings would shed information on the production of betel vine cultivation costs and returns, as well as the constraints faced by farmers and it was graded using Garett's ranking technique. The cost and return of the betel vine farm per acre was worked out to ₹3. 37 lakh/acre and the average gross return was Rs 8 lakh/acre. The result of the study indicates that betel vine cultivation is highly profitable and the benefit cost ratio 2.3.Even the assistances offered by the government are insufficient, farmer is not getting any financial support and there is no research center for this crop. Disease and pest infestation were the biggest problems in the production of betel vine, followed by non availability of labour because daily work in farm, a lack of healthy seed vine, and a lack of daily maintanenace. Price fluctuations is the major constraints faced in marketing because the price of the betel leaf is not same followed by non-availability of export promotional activity since it is a perishable commodity.
This study evaluated the linkages between the approaches adopted by extension agents in providing agricultural extension services to farmers, the capacity building of the extension personnel, and the challenges for cereal production. Using purposive sampling, 62 extension personnel were interviewed through a semi-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the deductive approach of qualitative content analysis. The study found that a participatory approach is not fully decentralized in planning and evaluation of the agricultural extension programs to meet the demand-driven services of the farmers. Moreover, there is a discrepancy between the capacity building of the extension personnel and the challenges incurred in cereal production— the training is mostly focused on production and post-harvest of cereal production, while having multitude of challenges in marketing as well. Therefore, it is recommended that a participatory approach must be fully promoted and the training of extension personnel must be melded with the demand-driven needs of farmers in approaching the cereal production issues. The study could be helpful for extension agents and policymakers to understand ways to increase the quality and effectiveness of agricultural extension services to foster agricultural production.
The study was conducted in Jangaon district of Telangana during the year 2022. The main purpose of this study is to measure the Extent of Adoption and knowledge of Bt cotton in Jangaon District of Telangana. A total 120 respondents were selected purposively from six villages under Lingala ghanpur block because most of the respondents were cotton growers. Descriptive research design was adopted for the study and data was collected by personal interview method by using pre structured interview schedule. This study revealed that the respondents (49.17%) had medium level of adoption followed by low (31.66%) and high (19.16%) levels of adoption among the respondents and also the most of the respondents (38.33%) had high level of knowledge on Bt. Cotton Adoption followed by medium (35%) and low (26.66%) levels of knowledge.
Combining the human waste with the municipal waste would pave way to much needed solid waste management strategy in the urban areas. The co-compost produced out of this can be used successfully for crop production. The objective of this study is to detect the benefits and constraints faced by the farmers in applying the co-compost in the field. 50 farmers used as a sample for the co-compost developed by the Rural Development Organization (RDO), coonoor were taken for this study. To examine the objectives, a well-structured interview schedule was employed and data were obtained through personal interviews. Garret ranking and Percentage analysis were the tools used for the study. This study envisaged that seed germination and good plant growth with increased in quality of vegetables after using the co-compost. The study also found that weed growth and the price of the co-compost are found to be high by the farmers after using the co-compost. Respondents were optimistic about the innovation’s ability to become sustainable and scalable. The positive impact would largely influence food security, women accreditation, income advancement, and soil restoration for the entire region. The innovation also helped vegetable farmers by improving crop yield through the co-compost application, resulting in higher sale prices in the markets.
India is the world’s largest producer of castor oil, producing over 75% of the total world’s supply. Castor oil is unique owing to its exceptional diversity of applications. The oil and its derivatives are used in over 100 different applications in diverse industries such as paints, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, paper, rubber and more. Castor oil is possibly the plant oil industry’s most underappreciated asset. This study is conducted in Salem and Namakkal district to find out the price spread among the marketing channels as well as the marketing efficiency of various marketing channels in the castor crop. Random sampling method was adopted for the study where the primary data has been collected from 100 castor farmers. Among the three marketing channels, the value chain III, namely Farmer – Processors (Oil Millers) - Retailers – Consumers was the most efficient value chain because it had the highest value chain efficiency 2.57 because it had fewer intermediaries than the other value chains.
This study employed a comprehensive technique for the systematic estimate of the water balance in Thenpennaiyaru river basin irrigation systems (TRB-IS) in Tamil Nadu, India. KRP reservoir and Sathanur reservoir in TRB are the primary water sources in the study area. We computed the actual water loss in open canals (e.g., leakage and evaporation). A water balance technique provides for the accounting of various system volume inputs (e.g., water abstraction, imported water, water volume owing to precipitation or surface runoff), authorized consumptions, and water losses in canals and intermediate reservoirs. The proposed methodology enables the evaluation of various water loss components (e.g., evaporation losses, unauthorized uses, metering errors, leakage, and discharges) and the calculation of water loss performance indicators that enable the identification of the most significant water loss problems and provide guidance for managing water losses. The approach is evaluated and implemented using a hybrid irrigation system. Results indicate that discharges in canal systems account for over half of the total volume of water loss, followed by leakage in canals and metering problems. These findings emphasize the need to enhance the everyday operation of these systems and restore their infrastructures.
In order to ensure sustainable and economic dairy-based value-added production, it is essential to analyze the costs and Break-Even points. The study was undertaken in the Experimental Dairy Plant, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) with handling capacity of ten thousand liter per day, to optimize the cost of Dairy products manufactured in the dairy plant. Burfi and Ice-cream are among the most crucial Indian dairy products processed in a dairy plant and widely consumed. Primary and Secondary data were both used to conduct this study. Primary data is supplemented by actual observation and interviewing plant personnel, and Secondary data, i.e., milk inflow, its utilization pattern, and product output, was taken from different plant ledgers. Economic analysis of this dairy product in a dairy plant is necessary to optimize the cost of each component used in manufacturing Burfi and ice cream. The dairy product will keep its presence in the competitive market, and as a result, the consumer will benefit from this optimum price. Therefore, calculated the product cost was in a dairy plant, and the fixed and variable cost was 24.56 and 75.44 percent for Burfi and 34.01 and 65.99 percent for ice cream, respectively. This study shows that the dairy plant has surplus production of 3721.69 kg and 1,02,082.33 cups of 100 ml of output Burfi and Ice-cream respectively, after the break-even point. The study has suggested that the quantity of Burfi and Icecream should be manufactured above recommended Break-Even Point to avoid losses. As a seasonal product, if there is a fluctuation in market demand, products could be shifted to other profitable products.
On-farm testing was conducted for two consecutive years during Rabi seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20 at farmer’s fields of Majhgawan block of Satna district in India to validate the effect of irrigation scheduling and nipping management for higher yield and economic returns of mustard. The on-farm testing trials were laid out with two treatments i.e T1 Two irrigation (25 DAS and 40-45 DAS) and no nipping and T2 Application of two irrigation (one each at pre-flowering 35-40 days and pod filling 65-75 days) and nipping at pre bud stage (30 DAS). Application of two irrigation (one each at pre-flowering 35-40 days and pod filling 65-75 days) and nipping at pre bud stage (30 DAS) recorded highest primary branches (13.95) and secondary branches (27.85) per plant, siliquae/plant (189.15), seeds/siliqua (19.30) seed yield (23.59 q ha-1), gross returns (Rs 101721ha-1), net return (Rs 71746ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.39) as compared to application of two irrigation (25 DAS and 40-45 DAS) and no nipping. Two irrigations at pre-flowering and pod filling with nipping at pre bud stage (30 DAS) increase in plant growth and yield parameters so it can be recommended two irrigations at pre flowering and pod filling stage with nipping at pre bud stage for getting higher yield of Mustard over non-nipping in the Satpura and Kaymore Plateau zone of Madhya Pradesh.
The most significant economic sector is sericulture, which has a variety of entrepreneurship opportunities and the ability to increase regular periodicity of economic returns. The effective rate of rearing and the techniques used during the rearing stage are the most crucial factors in a good cocoon harvest. Additionally, technical expertise and scientific knowledge are needed for silkworm cultivation. An effort has been done in the form of a survey research to learn more about the knowledge and skill profile of the sericulture farmers in the Poonch area. The study found that farmers lack technical expertise in commercial rearing and scientific knowledge. Low productivity in the district as compared to other districts of Jammu and Kashmir is caused by a lack of understanding about new technology. In this context, State Sericulture Development Department, Central Silk Board Sub-departments, and Post Graduate Department of Sericulture, Poonch Campus, University of Jammu, play important roles in the form of extension programmes for enhancing technical skills among the district's sericultural farmers. The study unequivocally shown that there were significant differences in the socioeconomic condition of sericulturists among the farmers in Tehsil Haveli, Poonch District, and that these differences also existed in knowledge and implementation of sericultural methods. Therefore, the extension staff must work together to convey better sericultural technology to the farmers in order to increase cocoon output.
The development and dissemination of agricultural advisory services (AAS) amongst smallholder sorghum farmers (SHFs) has played a crucial role in sorghum yield improvement in Kenya. However, there is limited information on the influence of AAS on adoption of sorghum production practices amongst SHFs in Tharaka Nithi County particularly Tharaka South Sub-County. The purpose of the study was to generate information that would deepen the understanding of the influence of AAS in enhancing the adoption of sorghum production practices in Tharaka South Sub-County. A descriptive research design was used to describe the characteristics of the study sample. The study targeted 16,437 smallholder sorghum farmers with a sample size of 108 participants. Stratified proportionate random sampling technique was utilized to select farmers from three strata; Marimanti, Nkondi, and Chiakariga wards. A questionnaire was used for data collection. Piloting study was carried out in South Imenti Ward, Meru County which helped to check and advance the validity of research instrument. The reliability of the research instrument was estimated by computing Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of the variables. The Cronbach’s alpha values for the study were: adoption of sorghum production practices (α = 0.771), while that of AAS was 0.710. The SPSS (V.22) was utilized for computing both the inferential (independent samples t-test) and descriptive (percentage, median, frequency, mean and standard deviation) statistics. The study findings indicated that there was no significant difference in the access and adoption of sorghum production practices between farmers with access to AAS from those who did not t (106) = 0.843, p = 0.401, d = 0.1684 and t (106) = 0.203, p = 0.839, d = 0.041, at 95% confidence interval, respectively. It was concluded that AAS had no influence on the adoption of sorghum production practices amongst SHFs in Tharaka Sub-County. Therefore, the study recommends the government through the State and County departments of agriculture should support impactful agricultural advisory programs that target sorghum farmers to increase the productivity of the crop.
Among several crop management factors sowing method, seeding rate and selection of appropriate genotype have prime roles in affecting wheat productivity. Most of the times, farmers are in practice of using excess seed rate to the tune of 160kg/ha against recommended 120 kg/ha. This affects crop production due to competition among plants resulting from higher plant density for available resources. Demonstration on farmer’s field is a proven way to demonstrate the technology to increase the adoption rate among farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Poonch therefore conducted On-farm demonstrations to popularize the importance of optimum seed rate in wheat. The investigation was carried out in the Poonch Block in five village panchayats. Eighty front line demonstrations on wheat variety WH 1080 were laid using 120 kg seed per hectare. Seed rate of 120 kg/ha produced more numbers of grains per ear (52) and 1000 grain weight (38.48 g) and grain yield (33.8 quintals/ha); while for seed rate of 160 kg/ha less numbers of grains per ear (44) and 1000 grain weight (38.04 g) and grain yield (27.2 quintals/ha) were obtained. Optimum seed rate @ 120 kg/ha also gave highest net returns per hectare (Rs. 41,592) with benefit cost ratio (3.02); whereas, farmer’s practice of broadcasting higher seed rate @ 160kg/ha recorded lower net returns (Rs. 28,448) and benefit cost ratio (2.32). It is, therefore, recommended that wheat should be sown with seed rate of 120 kg/ha for higher yield and net returns.
Field experiments were conducted for four consecutive Kharif season of 2017-2020 at Organic Farming Research Centre, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, located at 320 66' North latitude and 740 79' East longitude with an altitude of 356 meters above mean sea level in the Shiwalik foothills of North-Western Himalayas. The mean annual rainfall of the experimental site is 1198.2mm of which 70-75% rainfall is received from June to September. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam in texture, slightly alkaline in reaction, medium in organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium but low in available nitrogen. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The experiment consisted of 05 (five) organic nutrients sources treatments with two crop establishment methods. The results showed that there were maximum plant growth characters of organic Basmati 370 like plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, root length, number of roots, root volume, biological yield etc after using vermicompost @ 3.0 t ha-1 followed by FYM @ 8 t ha-1 under SRI method. In addition, SRI method was found to be effective in reducing pest and disease incidence, shortening crop rotations and improving plant conditions. It was found from the study that among the various treatments of organic nutrient sources, the highest (132.13 q/ha) biological yield of basmati 370 was recorded with the application of vermicompost @ 3t/ha which was statistically at par the application of FYM @ 8t/ha (130.20q/ha) respectively under SRI method.
The present study was conducted in Bhupalapalli district of Telangana, From Out of total blocks of Bhupalapalli district one block i.e., chityal has been selected purposively for current study on the basis of having high total area under production of red chilli for current study. It is worth nothing that the economic studies on chilli, conducted so for in India, are few and have not analyzed the detailed aspect of cost structure, resources use efficiency, productivity and marketing. The list of Farmers growing red chilli was collected from Horticulture Officer (H.O) and sample farmers were selected from the list randomly. The farm respondents were classified in to four groups on the basis of area under red chilli cultivation in all the selected villages viz. marginal - having the cultivated area less than 1 ha, small - having the cultivated area 1 ha to 2 ha, semi medium - having the cultivated area 2ha-4 ha, and medium - having the cultivated area 4 ha to10 ha. The study revealed that total cost incurred in cultivation of red chilli per hectare. Total cost of cultivation incurred was highest in marginal sized farm with Rs 1,42,480 /- followed by small sized farms i.e., Rs 1,37,310/-, semi medium sized farm i.e., Rs 1,32,140 /- and lowest in medium sized forms Rs 1,25,900 /-. Gross returns per hectare was lowest in marginal sized farms with Rs 3,50,000 /- followed by and small sized farms with Rs 3,71,000 /-, semi medium sized farms with Rs 3,85,000 /- and highest in medium sized farms with Rs 392000 /-. Net returns per hectare was highest in medium sized farms with Rs 2,66,101.5 /- followed by semi medium sized farms with Rs 2,52,861.5 /-, small sized farms with Rs 2,33,693.5 /- and lowest in marginal sized farms with Rs 2,07,517.5 /-.
Aim: The study was undertaken to understand the relevance of Assamese folk songs, or Bihu geet, in the management of the traditional Assamese baree system in view of natural farming.
Study Design: The data obtained from group discussion and personal interview method have been tabulated as described by [1].
Place and duration of Study: The study was conducted in a total of 24 villages from six districts viz. Nalbari, Baksa, Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Golaghat, and Sivsagar during the period January 2021 to January 2022
Methodology: From the three agro-climatic zones of Assam, two districts were selected and from each district, four villages were selected. From each village, 10 farmers above 60years of age were selected randomly thus making a sample size of 240 respondents. Data was collected by using a focus group discussion method and a personal interview method using a semi-structured interview schedule.
Results: A total of 36 Bihu geet reflecting natural farming practices in the traditional baree system and its role in the management of the baree have been documented.
Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that Bihu Geet forms an indispensable part of the Assamese Baree system and its scientific validation should be studied further as these are based on practical observation over a long period of time and can form a basis for natural farming.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the origin image of selected regional brands and its effect on consumer’s purchase intention. It also seeks to examine the importance of regional brand and finally, define consumer preference for selected agricultural product, offering marketing strategies and practices for promoting regional brands of agricultural product.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Taking a semi-structured focus group interview to provide the researcher with the opportunity to gain further understanding of the participants’ experiences in purchasing regional agricultural products. The length of the interviews is approximately 1.5 hours for each of the three groups of five people. The fifteen selected interviewees familiar with regional brands as well as agricultural product. Among them are brand managers, marketing executives, industry experts, retailers and consumers. A content analysis was conducted after interviews completed and transcribed.
Findings: The major findings of this research show that the dimension of origin image include region's economic, humanistic, industrial, typical enterprise and product itself. It also has a significant impact on consumers’ purchase intention, especially for the regional brand of agricultural product. Interestingly, if origin is clearly indicated on the label, the sales of the agricultural products would be greater, but it plays the moderate role rather than key factor.
Practical/Managerial Implications: This research suggests that regional brand image is important in the eyes of a potential consumer in that it could to some extent induce the consumer to purchase the agricultural product. The results of the research provide insights into regional branding strategies to better manage and design marketing practices and activities to increase consumer preferences.
Originality/Value: This paper is of value to academic researcher, agricultural product retailer, brand manager and regional brand associations alike as it synthesis the factors of country-of-origin effect in the consumer purchasing process and the impact of country-of-origin as a agriculture marketing strategy.
Aim: Soybean is one of the most substantial contributors to the Indian edible oil pool and Madhya Pradesh is its dominant contributor necessities the study on growth and instability of soybean based cropping systems including wheat and chickpea as Rabi crop in the system in Madhya Pradesh.
Study and Design: The estimates of compound growth rate and instability were worked out for the period of 32 years (1988-89 to 2019-20).
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in nine major soybean growing districts having more than 75 percent Kharif cropped area under soybean crop including Bhopal (84%), Sehore (82%), Rajgarh (82%), Indore (91%), Ujjain (98%), Mandsaur (78%), Ratlam (79%), Shajapur including Aagar Malwa (95%) and Harda (75%) were purposively selected for the present study of Madhya Pradesh state by taking wheat and gram as Rabi crop in the system.
Methodology: The exponential trend equation was used to estimate the compound growth rate. Using the Cuddy Della Valle Instability Index (CDVI) the risk was estimated for the soybean crop's area, production, and productivity.
Results: The results of the study reveal that in the state of Madhya Pradesh positive and significant growth rate in the area, production, and productivity of soybean based cropping systems i.e. soybean, wheat after soybean, and chickpea after soybean were observed. On the contrary growth in productivity of soybean was positive but it is insignificant. Most of the selected districts also lie in low instability zone for production components of soybean based cropping systems.
Conclusion: Approximately 30 per cent of the soybean production in the state was in the range of low range of production growth with low to medium instability. The lower production growth was mainly due to insignificant growth in productivity in mentioned districts. Thus, major emphasis should be given to increasing the productivity of soybean by an improved package of practices along with recommended variety according to an agro-climatic situation.
Background: More than 50.00 percent of India’s current population is below the age of 25 years and it highlighted the importance of youth in the country’s development. The study on tribal youth is an essential exercise in comprehending and combating their various problems as tribal youth belonged to disadvantage social groups and suffer from many crippling problems that retard their development.
Methods: The study was under takes in Dhanora and Etapalli tahsil of Gadchiroli district. 140 tribal youth were selected from 14 villages of 2 tahsils, an exploratory research design of social research was used and the data were collected with the help of a structured and pretested interview schedule.
Results: The findings revealed that the majority of tribal youths regularly participated in land preparation viz, ploughing of land (72.14%), spreading of FYM (63.57%), and leveling of land (52.14%), and occasionally participated in harrowing (52.14%) and crushing (50.00%), they were regularly participating in transplanting (73.57%), sowing activities (63.57%) and occasionally seeds treatment (70.00%) and selection of seeds (57.86%). The majority of them occasionally participated I n intercultural operations. The majority of tribal youths regularly participated in off-farm activities, Temdu patta cutting (60.71%) and collection of Mahua flowers and fruits (53.57%).
Scientometric dimensions of research productivity of the institution helps out to improve the quality of research and the emerging areas to be worked out. In this connection, A scientometric study has been attempted to analyze the research productivity of faculty members of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University for the period of 2001-2020 as recorded in Scopus database. Total of 4372 publications in Scopus were retrieved and analyzed the performance of the faculty members. This study analyzed the scientific parameters such as year-wise distribution of research productivity, most prolific authors, funding sponsors, Collaborating Institutions, Collaborating Countries and top-ranked sources preferred by the agricultural faculty members for publishing their research output. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University faculty members published more publications in Scopus 4372. Articles are the predominant publications by the faculty members of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 3928 in Scopus and Prof. Samiyappan R is the predominant and most impactful author of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. USA is the most predominant country collaborated with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University publications about 187 in Scopus, Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding 448 publications in Scopus. Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai is the most collaborating institution with 538 publications in Scopus database. Agricultural and Biological Sciences subject category in Scopus 3317 publications. Indian Council of Agricultural Research is the predominant sponsor and supported for 104 research publications followed by Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
The profitability of a watermelon production diversification plan for smallholder farmers in Taraba State, Nigeria, was investigated in this study. During the 2021 farming season, data for the study was collected from 355 randomly selected farms. Descriptive statistics and a farm budgeting approach were utilized to assess the data. The mean age of respondents was 42.3 years, 85.1% of them were married with an average household of six people. The majority (77.5%) of the respondents were educated with a mean farming experience of 8.6 years. On average, the respondents cultivate 4.2 hectares of land. The budgeting technique showed that a mixture of melon and cowpea has the highest average net farm income, followed by a mixture of melon and Bambara-nut while a mixture of melon and groundnut has the least average net farm income per hectare. The estimated gross margin and net farm income for all the enterprises stood at N 143618.11 and N 135051.13 respectively. The return on the owner's labour and management for all the enterprises is N 87801.13 and the return on investment is 127.58%. This demonstrates that the watermelon crop diversification strategies in the research area are profitable. A melon and cowpea combination was discovered to be more profitable than other firms. Because of this, it is suggested that a large amount of land be set aside for growing this crop.
Aims: Poverty is a major challenge for economic growth and attaining sustainable development goals. This study aimed to estimate the multidimensional poverty index for states of India as well as districts of Tamil Nadu.
Study Design: Based on the secondary data of National Family Health Survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: States of India and districts of Tamil Nadu has been studied by using the 2005, 2015 and 2019 NFHS survey data.
Methodology: Alkire Foster methodology was used to Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) of states. 10 indicators in three dimensions viz., health, education and standard of living are considered and all the indicators were given equal weightage and finally the contribution by each indicator is estimated.
Results: India ranks 62nd among 107 countries with an MPI of 0.12. States like Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu has drastically reduced the poverty level. Bihar, Assam and Odisha are the regions having highest poverty level. Nutritional deprivation indicator alone had a share of 28.55 per cent in the total poverty index of India. In case of Tamil Nadu the overall index was 0.03. Though the districts like Chennai, Kancheepuram and Vellore need to improve the nutritional aspects because the stunted children are higher in number than the other districts and the obesity was higher in districts like Sivagangai, Krishnagiri and Namakkal.
Conclusion: Overall the index of India has declined but there are higher variability across states and districts in many deprivation indicators. Region specific factors responsible for the deprivation should be identified and constant support related to the nutritional and schooling aspects should be provided in the districts of Tamil Nadu to reduce the poverty index.
In today's world, people are more aware of the product they consumed. Consumers are mainly relying on their health consciousness. However, people nowadays shift their consumption towards the traditional forms of sugar as they have better nutritional compounds compared to the refined forms of sugar. Here sample respondents are taken based on the traceability of value chains of alternate forms of sugar (Jaggery and Khandsari sugar, Coconut sugar, and Palm sugar). The study was limited to 150 sample respondents in Erode, Tiruppur, Namakkal, and Coimbatore districts of Tamil Nadu where these sugars are transferred with all actors involved in the value chain with the help of markets. Principal Component Analysis is used to analyze the major factor to influence the purchase of sugar. The approximate chi-square statistic (0.774) is also large (>0.50). These factors account for 66.43 percent of the variance in the data. The three components that have the Eigenvalue of 6.58, 2.17, and 1.20 showed the percentage of variance were 43.87, 14.50, and 8.05 respectively. Based on varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalisation, three factors have arrived. The major factors that influenced highly were Health and convenience factor (Issues in white sugar, taste, traditional sweetener, Health consciousness, and Quality), Branding (Price, service of the seller, texture, packaging, Colour, market cleaning, non-perishable and popularity) and the other factor influenced in a fewer way. The result of the study concluded that consumers were mainly oriented about their health conscious and shifting towards traditional based products. Promotional measures were taken to promote these kinds of sugar and aim to bring back the traditional forms of sugar with its innovative technology. Packaging may be improved with biodegradable bags.
The study was conducted in Pappireddipatti taluk of Dharmapuri district. Dharmapuri is the major turmeric producing district in Tamil Nadu. It ranks second in area and production in the state after Erode district. Information acquisition behaviour means that the respondents get information from various sources. Sample size of 120 respondents was selected by using proportionate random sampling technique. The data were collected by personal interview utilizing a well structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Majority of the respondents got the information from the AAO/AHO, friends, utilized leaflets made discussion with the family members, friends, relatives, neighbours and informing to family members to keep in mind & asking them to remember and disseminated the information to their family members respectively. The present study can provide useful guidance for understanding the information acquisition behaviour of turmeric farmers in Pappireddipatti taluk of Dharmapuri district.
Watershed Development Programmme is based on bottom-up planning and a participatory approach. It will be easier to implement the programme successfully and get the desired results if we have a good comprehension of the guidelines. On many different developmental programmes implementation its components including institutional arrangement, community organisation, objectives, programme creation and implementation, funding pattern, monitoring and evaluation, significant gaps were observed. These socio -economic factors provide essential information to support efforts and policies aimed at improving adoption by recognizing heterogeneities in the targeted populations. Principal component analysis (PCA) is a technique for reducing the dimensionality of datasets, increasing interpretability but at the same time minimizing information loss. The present study was conducted with a sample size of 192 progressive farmers and watershed user groups in Nuapada and Kalahandi district of Odisha state, aiming to identify the major socio economic factors governing farmers’ knowledge and adoption level of different watershed activities. Three different principal components (PCs) could finally be extracted out of twelve relatively important variables governing knowledge and participation level of farmers in different watershed activities. These three factors were resource richness, which was associated with higher farm revenue, cosmopoliteness, which was associated with extended contact and motivation, and family type, which was associated with manpower and farming as a primary employment. Firstly, data reduction was conducted through principal component analysis to identify three important components accounting for 58.66% of the total variability in the data. It is evident from the results that socioeconomic factors such as Land holding, Annual Income, Type of house, Cosmo politeness and extension contact, Education, more use communication materials, Social participation and age of the farmer, can be associated with higher knowledge and adoption of watershed activities and practices. From the findings of the study, it was concluded that three principal components like ‘resource richness’, ‘education and extension contact’ and ‘farm family occupation” were found to have exerted significantly high influence and contributed 23.44%, 20.12% and 15.1% variance respectively in determining the extent of farmers’ knowledge level about watershed activities . These factors can be used as essential input to predict models or as benchmarks for developing scales or indices for measuring farmers’ progressiveness and knowledge and adoption of watershed activities.
Human Resource Management is an integral part of any organization pertaining to the management of human capital and their relationship with the enterprise. Its major objective is to pool together an effective organization of its employees who staff the organization and motivating each one of them to contribute their best to the success of the organization. In an enterprise, every single individual is important to it. Therefore, it becomes necessary to pay attention towards the feeling that an employee has towards his or her organization. For an organization to succeed, its employees must feel happy and satisfied at work. This is one of the most neglected aspects and not many studies have been done in order to elicit the attention towards how satisfied the employees of an organization are. This study takes into consideration two agricultural organizations: 1. Swami keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University (SKRAU) and 2. Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (RAJUVAS) both located in the city of Bikaner in Rajasthan for assessment of Job satisfaction imperative to ascertain whether or not the scientists working under these universities are happy with their work environment. As respondents, 67 scientists from SKRAU and 53 scientists from RAJUVAS were selected by proportionate random sampling constituting a total of 120 respondents. Ex-post facto research design was used. An Interview schedule was prepared and the results of the study concluded that majority of the respondents were males, belonged to Middle age group, had Ph.D. as their highest educational qualification, medium level of annual income, medium level of job experience rural background, were married, living in nuclear families and in govt. quarters. Majority of them used own vehicle as the mode of transport and were Assistant Professors. Their job satisfaction was assessed in terms of three aspects: general determinants, administrative determinants and supportive determinants. Majority of the scientists were having medium level of satisfaction followed by high and low levels respectively.
Food processing sector is the transformation of raw agricultural products into food or one form of food into other forms. Food processing comprises many forms of processing foods starting from grinding grain to make raw flour to home cooking to complex industrial methods of food processing and it is used to make convenience foods. The Indian Food and Beverage Industry is evolving as a high-profit sector and contributes about 3 % of India's GDP with the value of two-thirds of the total retail market in India. The projected revenue in the food and beverage business segment is estimated to show a CAGR growth rate of 14.2 percent from the year 2020 to 2024. The study was carried out in June 2022 with the objective is to analyze the constraints faced by startups in the food processing industries, for this study 30 key informants were selected from each start-up food processing industry in three districts namely Trichy, Dindugal, and Coimbatore and all the three districts, the Key Informants was asked collectively to list the constraints faced by the start-up food processing industry through the participatory method. The Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) value for the insufficient connection between production and processing is 84.67 and ranked first among the infrastructure constraint which implies that lack of infrastructure godowns for storage and linkages with the traders. The delay in sanction of loans was the major constraint with RBQ of 76.67 and ranked first among the policy constraint. The delay in sanction of loans makes the new startups innovate the new products in the market, which bags their product diversification in the market. The tedious channels for financial transactions with an RBQ value of 59.33 and a high rate of interest for loans with an RBQ of 57.33. The lack of knowledge on Post-harvest technologies with an RBQ value of 70.67, shows the lack of training on the handling of new and improved post-harvest equipment for product diversification. In the marketing constraint, the challenges in identifying the specific market for the product was ranked first among the marketing constraint with an RBQ value of 77.33. The hindrance in the identification of specific market for their produce bags their profit, they forced to sale their produce in markets in which they will not able to get better remunerative for their produce. The Policy would seek to create a favorable environment for the Agri-preneurs to start Food Processing sectors through fiscal initiatives/interventions, which will facilitate the establishment of low-cost pre-cooling and cold chain units proximal to the agricultural farms. It also facilitates the establishment of cold storage units and sorting grading, and hi-tech packing facilities to reduce post-harvest wastages and improve the quality of products and the shelf life.
Aim: To estimate the trend and growth rate of area, production and productivity of tomato, potato and onion (TOP) commodities for MP in comparison to other major states of India.
Study and Design: Retrospective observational study to estimate the trend and compound growth rate for the period of 10 years (2010-11 to 2019-20).
Methodology: Place of study- Out of 29 states of India 3 states were selected for the study under TOP commodities which cover around 70% of total production. For tomato - KR , AP & MP, For onion -MH ,KR & MP For Potato – UP, WB , & MP.
Method of analysis- The exponential trend equation was used to estimate the compound growth rate (CGR in %).
Results: CGR of area, production & productivity for Tomato in MP are 7.85%, 12.72%, 4.51% respectively, in Karnataka are 1.68%,1.35%,-0.32%,& in AP are -19.23%, -9.22%,12.4%. CGR of area, production & productivity for Onion in MP are 9.74%, 12.73%, 2.73%, in MH are 5.18%, 8.77%,3.42%, in KR are 0.01%, 2.04%,2.03%. CGR of area, production & productivity for Potato in MP are 4.82%, 13.47%, 8.24%, in UP are 0.92%, 0.51%,-0.41%.
Conclusion: On the basis of study it can be concluded that the trend and annual growth rate of area, production and productivity for TOP commodities in Madhya Pradesh was increasing and positive in comparison to other major states.
Coffee is a product that continues to be in demand by the public. Indonesia is one of the coffee-producing countries, with production in 2020 amounting to 744,000 tons. Arabica coffee is the most popular type of coffee. The area of Arabica coffee plantations in West Java reaches 27,757 ha. To find out the optimization strategy for coffee production, it is necessary to conduct an exploratory study related to the cultivation system and marketing channels for Arabica coffee in West Bandung Regency. The research method uses a survey with path analysis. The variables observed were the cultivation system used, the marketing channels used and the performance results of Arabica coffee farmers. The results showed that the variable cultivation system and marketing channels affect the productivity and profits of farmers with the equation Y = 0.417 X1 + 0.465 X2 + €. Partially, the cultivation system and marketing channels have an effect on performance, while correlation analysis shows that there is no correlation between the cultivation system and marketing channels. The strategy conveyed was the improvement of the cultivation system, namely the provision of fertilizers or hormones that stimulate flowering, the use of protective trees, the processing of coffee beans and market information. The suggestion is that there is a need for government involvement in coffee management from upstream to downstream.
Coimbatore tops in area and production of coconuts in Tamil Nadu. Though production had been increased in the recent years. Farmers are facing difficulties in finding new marketing channels for their produce and also facing hardships in fetching fair and remunerative price for their nuts. Coconut copra, coconut oil price had also fallen drastically recently. The study was undertaken with the objective of analysing marketing behaviour of coconut growers in Coimbatore district. An Ex- post facto research design was used for this study. The study was taken-up in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Out of the twelve blocks in Coimbatore district, “Sulthanpet block”, “Pollachi (North)”, “Pollachi (South) block” were selected. A sample size of 120 coconut cultivating farmers was selected by using simple random sampling technique. The required data was collected by personal interview using a well-structured and pretested interview schedule. The result revealed that nearly sixty percent of the respondents (58.33 per cent) had medium level of marketing behaviour, 21.67 per cent of the respondents had low level of marketing behaviour, only 20 per cent of the respondents possessed high level of marketing behaviour. Majority of the respondents sold their produce in village itself; cent percent of the respondents graded and counted their produce. Most of the respondents sold their produce through middlemen. The coconut growers are found to possess medium level of marketing behaviour. Hence, it should be definitely noted down by planners and policy makers at state and district level to make arrangement for marketing the products for maximum price.
Social media has emerged as a highly powerful tool in facilitating online social interactions and has shown tremendous potential in facilitating information exchange among individuals. It has been extensively used by farmers to tremendous increase in the number of smart-phones users during the last decade. A study was conducted during 2021-22 to find out the different social media being utilized by the farmers. A total of 140 progressive farmers who are using social media were randomly selected from purposively selected blocks of the Kota division of Rajasthan. Results of the study revealed that WhatsApp, YouTube, and Facebook were the most popular social media tools which are being used by farmers for sharing farm information. Keeping in touch with extension workers/ scientists, sharing or capturing information, and socializing with relatives /contact were major purposes for the farming community on social media sites. It can be concluded that social media would deliberately remain as a booster or supporter or enhancer to the farming community.
The present communication is concerned with analysis the empowerment of women through Non Governmental Organization (Maa Bamleshwari) for generating income and employment through Elephant Foot Yam crop (Amorphophallus Paeoniifolius) in Chhattisgarh. A sample of 120 women beneficiaries from Maa Bamleshwari NGO were selected from Khairagarh block of Rajnandgaon district. Ex- post facto research design was used in the study, we employed absolute changes and mean score of Paired t-test for assessing the impact of NGO on income and employment generation among women beneficiaries. According to the findings, Maa Bamleshwari NGO has significant and positive impact on income and employment generation among rural women beneficiaries.
India is an agrarian society. Agriculture and its allied activities act as the main source of livelihood for the rural society in India. Today agriculture education in India is imparted at diploma, Undergraduate, master's, and doctoral levels. The success of any nation depends not only on the number of enrollment for higher education but also on the professional accomplishment of its graduates and postgraduates. Therefore, the present study was planned to study the enrolment and employment status of the agriculture postgraduates of Northern State Agricultural Universities SAUs. Survey questionnaires were developed to collect primary and secondary data to elicit structured responses in quantifiable terms. The questionnaire was mailed to the students who had completed their M.Sc. degrees. The responses of 2457 students were received. Thus, the sample size for the present study was 2457 agriculture postgraduates. The data revealed that during the five years (2010-11 to 2014-15) out of the total admission of 3716 students in the M.Sc. Agriculture program, 91.57% completed their degree while 8 percent dropped out without completion and only 14 % students were admitted through Indian Council of Agricultural Research-All India Entrance Examination for Admission ICAR-AIEEA (UG) in SAUs against 25% reserved seats. As far as educational progression and employment status of agriculture postgraduates were concerned 54% were employed in public and private sectors, 35% were pursuing Ph.D., while the rest 11% had no progression after M.Sc. Thus the majority of the students were engaged in jobs after completing their M. Sc while some of them did not have any progression.
India is known as the "Land of Farmers" because agriculture employs the majority of the country's population. The current scenario of farmers' socioeconomic status should be studied in regards to substantial government initiatives to raise the status of both the agricultural sector and the farmers to a commendable level of development. Socio economic condition of farmers have a connection with the level of efficiency and success rates of government projects and initiatives. This study was conducted on 150 farmers reaching out to the Kisan Call Centre of Kanpur district of Uttar Pradesh about their queries.
As a major commercial sector of agriculture, floriculture has emerged. One of the most often used types of jasmine that is grown commercially in India is Jasminum sambac. Time and rate of fertilizers applications can be a part of a successful, economical, and eco-friendly nutrient management plan. Given the aforementioned information, the current experiment was conducted with the aim of determining the impacts of split N, P, and K fertilizer application on the economics of jasmine (Jasminum sambac) production. The experiment was depicted under Randomized Block Designed with five replications and five treatments i.e. 50%N+100%P+100%K at last week of December and 50%N in last week of June (T1), 50%N+75%P+75%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%P in last week of June (T2), 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of June (T3), 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N in last week of March + 25%N+50%K+50%P in last week of June (T4) and 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+50%P+50%K in last week of March + 25%N in last week of June (T5) at Navsari Agricultural University, Gujarat, India on Jasminum sambac variety Baramasi during the year 2018-19. The highest net returns (Rs. 4,11,729/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.71) and were recorded with the application of (T3). The application of application of RDF (120:240:120 kg/ha) in three splits (application of 50%N+50%P+50%K in last week of December + 25%N+25%P+25%K in last week of March + 25%N+25%K+25%P in last week of June) increased yield with highest net return and BCR and therefore, was economically deduced best for the production of Jasminum sambac.
A study was conducted in three districts of Karnataka including, Dharwad, Vijayapura and Bagalkot on constraints faced by the extension personnel working in KVK and Development Departments. Data were collected through questionnaire and statistical methods such as percentage, frequency and ranking were used for analyzing the data. Constraints were classified as institutional and personnel, A total of twelve institutional and seven personnel constraints were reported by the extension personnel. Among the institutional constraints, majority (94.73%) of the extension personnel reported the constraints of ‘bureaucratic delays and focus on paperwork’, ‘Inadequate staff’ (77.19%), ‘less opportunities for promotion’ (70.52%) as the major constraints. While the major personnel constraints faced by the extension personnel were ‘Lack of accurate and effective feedbacks due to time lag of functionaries’ (92.98%), ‘Lack of coordination among the staff’ (81.75%) and Lack of advanced training (70.52%).
Aims: The study aimed to identify the factors determining the participation of rural households in the MGNREGA programme of the Puducherry.
Study Design: The study has utilised both purposive and random sampling methods to identify sample districts, sample blocks, sample revenue villages, and sample respondents for interview.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Puducherry and Karaikal districts of Puducherry in the month of July 2022, the data collected pertains to agricultural year 2021-2022.
Methodology: Primary data was used in the study. The main methodology used in identifying the factors determining the participation in MGNREGA programme was Logit Regression. A well- structured interview schedule was used to collect data from the sample respondents. A sample of 120 beneficiaries and 120 non- beneficiaries of the MGNREGA programme were chosen at random and relevant data were collected.
Results: The estimates of the logit regression shows that education, family size, primary occupation, women headed family and possession of livestock are found to be the major determinants of participation. The family size and women headed family positively influence the probability of participation of rural households in MGNREGA programme and are significant at 1% and 5%, respectively. The variables such as education and possession of livestock were found to be significant at 5% level and negatively influencing the probability of participation of rural households in MGNREGA programme. Likewise, the variable primary occupation was found significant at 1% level and negatively influencing the probability of participation of rural households in MGNREGA programme.
Conclusion: The participation of rural households in MGNREGA programme is determined by the factors such as education, family size, primary occupation, women headed families and possession of livestock. Thus, the rural households with low education level, large family size, non- farm worker, women headed family and less possession of livestock are the major characteristics of the rural households which makes them to demand for MGNREGA job.
Sixteen green gram (Vigna radiata, Fabaceae) genotypes were evaluated under randomized block design (RBD) with three replications for genetic variability for eight characters. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters. Analysis of variance indicated that experimental material possesses a good amount of variability for all the characters under study. A high magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variance was observed for seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, plant height, days to flowering, and test weight while moderate GCV was recorded for the number of seeds per pod, pod length, and days to maturity suggesting the possibility of their improvement by selection. High heritability coupled with high genetic gain as a percent of mean was observed for test weight, seed yield per hector, seed yield per plot, plant height, and days to flowering while high heritability and moderate genetic gain were recorded for days to maturity, pod length and the number of seeds per pod suggesting that these characters were controlled by additive gene action hence, selection may be effective. High heritability coupled with high genetic gain and high GCV has been exhibited by the characters viz., seed yield per hector, seed yield per plot, plant height, test weight, and days to flowering. There is substantial scope for improvement of these characters. Hence emphasis should be given to improving these characteristics in a future breeding program to enhance the seed yield of green gram.
The low agricultural productivity reported in both cash and food crops across Uganda is attributed to inadequate skills on modern agriculture. Consequently, many studies have recommended that farmers should be trained on modern agriculture through extension service provision. Strikingly, majority of the farmers do not have access to extension services, a situation which contributes to low returns on investment in agriculture. The study determined the number of farmers with access to extension services, compared them against their counterparts without access to extension services and finally determined the factors affecting access to agricultural extension services using primary data collected from 200 farmers in western Uganda. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Chi – square test and Binary logistic regression model. From the results, 42.5% of the farmers had access to extension services, those who had access to extension services reported higher crop yields than their counterparts. The significant factors affecting access to agricultural extension services included age (P<0.05), gender (P<0.05), education (P<0.01), distance to the extension areas (P<0.01), membership to agricultural associations (P<0.10) and access to credit (P<0.05). The policy recommendations include; supporting farmers through quick loans at low interest rates, strengthening and increasing the number of adult literacy programs, increasing the number of extension agents and encouraging farmers to join agricultural associations.
To achieve the purpose of the study, 105 registered women entrepreneurs in Micro Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) were identified in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu. Series of questions were asked through well-structured interview schedule. The paper reveals that more than half (56.19 %) registered women entrepreneurs had medium level of marketing behaviour followed by high (24.76 %) and low (19.05 %) levels. Majority (79.05 %) of the respondents procured raw material locally followed by outside (20.95 %).Less than half (45.71 %) of the registered women entrepreneurs utilized labour based on demand for the produce. More than one-fifth (46.67%) of the registered women entrepreneurs sold their products to directly to consumers. A little less than three-fifths (71.43 %) of the registered women entrepreneurs had adequate existing market information.
The unpredicted COVID-19 pandemic devastatingly challenged the business life of agripreneurs. Agripreneurs are the entrepreneurs holding their main business in agriculture or agriculture allied. The pandemic affected millions of businesses economically and shut down their production chains. It is the era of advocating resilience to make a transition and to sustain the post-COVID. The purpose of the research is to construct a composite pandemic resilience index to measure the resilience followed by agripreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The index was developed by reviewing the available literature and judge’s relevancy ratings. A relevancy score of more than 0.75 was selected and the Pandemic Resilience Index (PRI) was finalized yielding six indicators viz., pandemic response, support and assistance, agripreneurial skills, pandemic risk prevention and mitigation, business reconstruction, and pandemic preparedness. The PRI also had high reliability (α=0.838). The content validity of the index was 3.37, which is higher than 2.50, indicating the index is valid. The Pandemic Resilience index will act as a valid instrument to identify different resilient strategies adopted by agripreneurs to regulate and rebuild the business at the toughest times of the pandemic. PRI will also help us to understand how an agripreneur has to be resilient in order to cope with the unforeseeable occurrences of upcoming pandemics.
The present study entitled “Production and marketing of marigold in Amritsar District of Punjab: An economic analysis” was carried out in Amritsar district of Punjab. The study was conducted to analyze the returns of marigold growers. For this study, total sample of 25 different sized category farmers from 6 blocks were selected in the year 2020-21. The data was analyzed using multi-variate Regression model. The study brought out that majority of the marigold growers were middle aged (41-50 years) and educated. The result of the study indicates that the overall total variable cost incurred on growing marigold was Rs. 49,519.03 per acre and was the maximum under medium farms and minimum under small farms. The maximum expenses incurred were on human labour. The data revealed that irrespective to the farms size, the net income earned by farmers was Rs. 48,934.30 per acre and were highest on small marigold growers. The overall returns of small farmers were higher as compared to medium and larger farmers. It was observed in the study that at overall the major cost was the transportation charges followed by packing charges. The regression coefficients for the factors like farm size, planting material, age and variety sown were found to be having positive and significant effect on the returns of the marigold growers.
Bhutan Development Bank Limited (BDBL) has been playing a major role in supporting the Bhutanese economy. BDBL is the only bank focusing on farmers by providing various types of loan to the farmers. The farmers are the mainstay of farming and the need of finance of farming and the need for finance is primary to initiate the farming. A survey through questionnaire was conducted on 247 respondents of farmers including small scale, medium scale, and large-scale farmers who took financial assistance as well as who have not availed through BDBL under Bongo gewog. The questionnaire was segregated into four parts including perception towards farming loan facilities, the problem faced by farmers for receiving the farming loan, perception towards farming loan schemes, and perception of farmers towards loan process of the bank. Where it is analyzing by the descriptive statistics of finding means, percentage frequency, and inferential statistics of finding one-way ANOVA, T-test. It was found that BDBL was far from the house, the scale of finance is inadequate, complicated procedure and process of application is not timesaving. Further, it was also felt that farming loan facilities have a presence in farmer social life and excellent customer services with sufficient amount of loan to the farmers are some of the perceptions studied on the part of farmers seeking for the loan in Bongo gewog through BDBL.
This study assessed the coping strategies of small holder rice farmers in the face of agricultural labour challenges in Guma local government area of Benue state, Nigeria. Literature was reviewed to ascertain the results of other scholars across the globe on the various strategies that farmers have used to cope with the challenge of labour scarcity in agriculture. This study adopted a survey research design with a population of 5125 small holder rice farmers, out of whom 371 respondents were determined using Taro Yamane’s formula. These respondents were sampled using a multi-stage sampling strategy (simple and purposive random sampling techniques). Pre-tested and well structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 26.0); frequencies and percentages derived were presented in tables and a bar chart. Study findings indicated that the farmers adopt coping strategies such as the intense use of family labour; increased use of chemicals; preference for other crops (such as cassava, sweet potatoes and vegetables); importation of labour from other regions; marrying more wives and leasing out fadama (swampy and fertile) land. The study concluded that, the coping strategies adopted are not viable and sustainable in the 21st century; and thus recommended that the task of overcoming agricultural labour scarcity must not be left in the hands of the rural farmers alone; all stakeholders must be actively involved in finding sustainable coping strategies which must include mechanization of farms.
Information seeking behaviour refers to the orientation of individuals in finding the different information sources and using the availed information in various circumstances. It also includes information retrieval, with its main focus is on understanding the need to seek information and process of using it. The present study deals with the information seeking behaviour of farmers of different cropping systems. The study used an ex-post facto research design. Ex-post facto research is an organised empirical study in which the researcher has no direct influence over the independent variables. A sample size of 300 was selected for the study. Information seeking behaviour was calculated by using a scale consisting of three subheads i.e., personal localite sources, personal cosmopolite sources and impersonal cosmopolite sources. It could be concluded from the findings that slightly above two-third of the farmers (67.00 per cent) had medium level of information seeking behaviour, less than one-fifth of the farmers (17.33 per cent) and only little amount of the farmers (15.67 per cent) had high level of information seeking behaviour. The study helps the various development departments related to agriculture and rural development to make relevant policies in suitable communication models.
Aims: This study examined the marketing challenges faced by cashew farmers in Kombo South District of The Gambia. The objectives of the study were to ascertain the challenges faced by cashew farmers and to identify ways of mitigating them in the study area.
Study Design: Descriptive research design.
Place and Duration of Study: The was conducted in Kombo South District of the Gambia between June and August, 2020.
Methodology: The study included all male and female farmers within the ages of 18-75 years in the villages that constitute the Kombo South District in the Gambia. A sample of 384 cashew famers was selected from a population of 9318 farmers using Taro Yamane formula.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that majority of farmers are affected by unstable domestic market prices of raw cashew nuts, lack of market information, poor road networks, large number of middlemen, lack of modern packaging materials, inadequate storage facilities, weak or no cashew farmer organizations, and the presence of pest and diseases.
Conclusion: The study, therefore recommended that the government and other relevant stakeholders should help in providing timely market information especially with regards to current prices of raw cashew nuts, rehabilitation of road networks and telecommunication systems to allow farmers to verify prices or sell in better markets, provision of modern packaging materials, adequate storage facilities and trainings on formation and management of farmer organizations will be vital for cashew farmers.
The study investigated into the constraints encounter by farmers while using information and communication technology (ICT) in the Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. The study was performed in a purposefully chosen district, and respondents were chosen via proportional random selection. The ex-post facto research design was employed; several kinds of constraints were gathered through a literature study and expert opinion. They were given an interview schedule. The acquired data was analysed, and ranks were assigned based on frequency and percentages. The major constraints faced by the farmers in use of ICT tools were high cost of ICT gadgets like smart phones, computers etc (92.50%), high cost of servicing charges of ICT gadgets (90.83%), lack of sufficient skills in usage of ICT tools by rural communities (85.00%), lack of uninterrupted power supply (84.16%), lack of servicing centres of ICTs in villages (76.66%) and difficulty in understanding the language of ICT gadgets (75.00%). Some major suggestions drawn from the respondent farmers were reduce the costs of ICT tools (96.66%), Provide subsidies on ICT gadgets (90.83%), Reduce servicing charges (86.66%), Giving continuous power supply (84.16%), Providing of messages in local languages (79.16%) and Establish service centres in villages (76.66%).
The present article summarizes the development of a scale to measure the attitude of tribal rice farmers towards the sustainability of rice farming in Wayanad district of Kerala. The scale was developed using Likert’s summated ratings method. The study describes the development of scale in a stepwise manner including collection of statements, item analysis, editing, validity, reliability and final selection. The calculated value of reliability coefficient for whole test was 0.806, which was quite reliable. The thumb rule of rejecting item with‘t-value’ less than 1.89 at 0.05 level of significance was followed. As per the thumb rule total of 25 statements were selected giving the due consideration to include both positive and negative statements in more or less equal proportion. The respondents were grouped into three categories like, less favourable attitude, favourable attitude and highly favourable attitude on the basis of their attitude towards the sustainability of rice farming by using mean and standard deviation. It is contended that the scale would prove useful in measuring the attitude of tribal rice farmers towards the sustainability of rice farming.
India is the second most populous country in the world and likely to cross China to become the first. India is one of the countries with youngest population with about more than fifty percent of the population were under 25 years of age and above sixty five percent under the age of 65 years. Majority of the country’s youth lives in the villages. India relies on its young minds for the progress and development. Thus, it is necessary to study the characteristics of rural youth and in the present study extension agency contact of rural youth was elucidated. Extension agency contact refers to the extent of contact with various government and private extension professionals in order to get information that improves their socio-economic conditions. An Ex-post facto research design was adopted for the study. Two districts were selected for the study each from Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema. East Godavari district was selected from Coastal Andhra and Chittoor district was selected from Rayalaseema purposively based on the rural population. The study revealed that more than two-thirds of the respondents (68.75 per cent) had medium level of extension contact, less than one-fifth of the respondents (17.50 per cent) had low level of extension contact and little more than one-eighth of the respondents (13.75 per cent) had high level of extension contact.
Fermented products were the first processed food consumed by humans, mainly for their longer shelf life, safety, and organoleptic qualities. Yogurt is one of the best-fermented products having the highest bioavailable cobalamin. In India, yogurt is an emerging value-added product with a CAGR of 10.20 percent and stands second after China. This paper evaluates the Comparison of the CAGR of India and Global in terms of revenue per capita, Price, and Volume of sale of yogurt. India is doing good than the global in yogurt. The CAGR of Revenue per capita, price, and volume of yogurt in India are 9.1 percent, 6.6 percent, and 3.4 percent, respectively. The Indian yogurt market shows low instability than the global market. This persuades many foreign giants to capture the growing Indian market of yogurt.
The study looked into the profitability of plantain production in Ondo East Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Although it is grown by smallholders in the study area, there were great potentials for the crop in that all parameters showed that it was profitable. The Gross Margin (GM) per hectare was 360536 Naira while the Net Farm Income or Profit was 288413 Naira per hectare. The Benefit Cost Ratio was 2.28 and Return on Investment was 1.28. Findings showed that respondents were mostly males, married, averagely educated and fell within economic viable age range. Most farmers planted Agbagba (87.5%) which is said to be the most dominant and much sought after by consumers, got their planting materials from previous year production (62.5%) and practiced de-suckering. Age, family size, farm size and plantain sole cropping had positive impact on the Net Farm Income of the respondents, while they had the problems of inadequate funding and lack of extension agents. The study concluded that there was the need for policy makers to consider and make adequate policy preparations for plantain so that Nigeria can join other plantain exporting nations and that the crop can earn the ever scarce foreign exchange for Nigeria.
Kisan Credit Card scheme is a very important institutional credit source in India. The study was conducted with time series data from the year 1999 to 2019 in order to work out the growth patterns in the number of Kisan Credit Cards (KCCs) issued and the amount sanctioned under KCC. Compound annual growth rate and coefficient of variation were calculated in order to better understand fluctuations in the number of KCCs issued and the amount sanctioned year by year. This research assessed the progress of the Kisan Credit Card scheme in Haryana. Also, the amount sanctioned under the Kisan Credit Card scheme was found progressive during 1999-2019. The number of cards issued in Haryana attributed to a growth rate of more than 3.05 percent per annum and the amount sanctioned under the KCC scheme accounted for a growth rate of 8.2 percent annually. In Haryana among the various agencies, commercial banks, and RRBs showed a positive growth rate while co-operative banks exhibited a negative growth rate during 1999-2019. The annual growth rates for a number of Kisan Credit Cards issued by commercial banks, regional rural banks, and co-operative banks were 9.6, 12.26, and -10.38 percent, respectively. The growth rates for the amount sanctioned under the KCC scheme were found to be 16, 12.26, and -13.8 percent annum. Progress of KCC was found quite uniform in selected districts of three zones of Haryana during 1999-2019. The compound growth rates for the number of cards issued were found to be 20.73, 18.82, and 18.67 percent in Karnal, Hisar, and Jhajjar districts, respectively. The year-wise, agency-wise, and zone-wise progress for the number of KCCs issued in the state has been quite impressive which is near to average of all of India.
Agriculture is a major sector of the Indian economy, which provides employment for large proportion of the predominantly rural population. Besides this it also provides food for human consumption and raw materials for industries. There has been tremendous growth (20.32 per cent compound) in exports of processed fruit and vegetables particularly following new economic policies. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world next only to China. The average productivity of vegetable crops in India is considerable low (18 metric tons per hectare) as compared to that in other agriculturally developed countries of the world.
Agriculture sectors crop production has its own emphasis and importance. The study was conducted in Sikar district of Rajasthan to measure the knowledge and adoption of onion crop production technology. Total 120 respondents were selected randomly. The data was collected by personal interview method by using pre structure interview schedule later appropriate statistical analysis is done to find out the meaningful results. The majority of the respondents 50 percentage belongs to middle aged group. 35.84 percentage belongs to illiterate and 48.33 percent were doing agriculture as main occupation. 46.67 per cent have medium income level. Majority of 49.17 per cent respondents belongs to low level of knowledge and 44.17 per cent belongs to medium adoption level.
The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge level of rice, millets, and cotton farmers on accessing agricultural information through smartphone. Ex Post Facto Research Design was followed in this study since it aimed to assess the knowledge level of farmers. The study was conducted during May and June 2022. It was decided to conduct the study on three types of crops representing wetland, dryland and commercial conditions, for comparison purposes. Based on maximum area under cultivation in the state, rice for wetland condition, millets for dryland condition and cotton for commercial farming were selected for the research. The study was conducted in three districts viz., Thanjavur, Salem and Virudhunagar, which were selected based on the highest area under rice, millets and cotton respectively. From each of the three districts, two blocks were selected and from the selected blocks, three villages from each block were selected for the study based on maximum area under the rice, millets, and cotton crop. Based on proportionate random sampling technique, 180 respondents were selected for the study. The responses of the respondents were subjected to frequency and percentage analysis. Most of the millet growers (90.00%), rice growers (86.67%), and cotton growers (85.00%) had low level of overall knowledge on accessing agricultural information through smartphone. Majority of the rice, millets, and cotton respondents had high level of knowledge on Uzhavan app, PM Kisan web portal, Google Pay, WhatsApp, and Google Play Store. The knowledge level could be enhanced by more promotional activities of extension workers by conducting awareness campaigns on important mobile apps and web portals related to agriculture, and by conducting trainings and demonstrations on utilizing smartphones for accessing agricultural information through browsing internet, mobile apps, and web portals.
Market intelligence is a method of foreseeing what will occur in the near future. We must proceed from market data to information, and finally to market intelligence, in order to complete this process. This study attempted to develop a scale for measuring the knowledge level of farmers on market intelligence. Relevant items were gathered that covered all aspects of farmer’s market intelligence in agriculture. Thirty items were initially selected for this study and administered to 42 non-sample respondents. All of the items have been subjected to item analysis. The current study found that 12 items were chosen for the test administration based on the difficulty index, discrimination index, and point-biserial correlation. This test was found to be both valid and highly reliable (0.65). This may be used by social science researchers to assess farmers' expertise in market information as well as market intelligence.
The research was aimed to study socio-economic aspects of equine farmers in Haryana, India. The study was conducted in four districts (provinces) of Haryana; Hisar, Bhiwani, Jind and Rohtak. The study was descriptive and exploratory in nature and data were collected during January 2022 to March 2022. Selection of respondents was done by simple random sampling method at sampling site. Structured interview schedule was adopted for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version was adopted for analysis of data. It was found that majority of respondents 51.2% were of middle age group and 43.2% were illiterate, 56.1% respondents belong to other backward class, 86.1% were landless, 45.9% respondents live in nuclear family, household total monthly income of maximum of respondents (34.3%) is 20001 to 30000 INR (Indian Rupee), 65% rear single equine and 48.8% get monthly income 5000 to 15000 INR from per equine rearing. The study revealed that socio-economic profile of equine farmers is not satisfactory in study area, equine population is declining rapidly and equine farmers are migrating from equine rearing to other profession and exploring new source of income.
The importance of financial inclusion in bringing the unbanked population into the formal banking system is acknowledged worldwide. The present study is an attempt to examine the current status of banking in Andhra Pradesh and to evaluate the progress & performance of financial inclusion, as indicated by number of accounts opened under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) scheme and the enrolments made under the social security schemes like Prandhan Mantri Surakshit Bhima Yojana (PMSBY), Prandhan Mantri Jeevan Jyothi Bhima Yojana (PMJJBY) and Atal Pension Yojana (APY). The significant observations from the study are that, as on 31st March 2020, the total banking outlets in Andhra Pradesh were 17,296, of which the highest share of the bank branches was in rural areas (35 %) followed by the semi urban areas (31%), urban (25%) and metro areas (9%). The progress of PMJDY and the other social security schemes was also highly commendable during the period 2015-16 to 2019-20, but the market penetration of the social security schemes was low as compared to the accounts opened under the PMJDY in Andhra Pradesh. The performance of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) was also not splendid in social security schemes as compared to the other public sector banks and private sector banks. Thus the huge potential in insurance market has to be tapped by the banks by explaining the benefits of insurance as a measure against risk.
The present study was undertaken to assess the socio-economic and communicational status of Tasar silkworm cocoon producers and enhance their economic performance through sericulture. In this context, a study has been conducted in Bastar district of Chhattisgarh state, India to know the socio-economic and communicational status of Tasar silkworm rearers. The methodology of the study is to seek the answers to the research question, a descriptive research design and proportionate random sampling method were used. Information pertaining to the current investigation was collected from 214 farmers in 4 blocks and ten villages through formal discussion using an interview schedule and appropriate statistical measures like frequency, and percentage were applied to analyze the data. The main finding of the study is that the main occupation of the respondent farmers was sericulture. In respect of land holding, a massive group of farmers holds less than one acre and none of the farmers own large land holding. Most of the farmers produced Tasar cocoons in 2001 -5000 numbers. The majority of the farmers possessed medium use of mass media, out of which most farmers actively used sericulture firms and film/slide shows for sericulture-related information. Most of the farmers contact the field man once a week and rarely contact the Deputy Director of sericulture for sericulture-related information. In respect of taking part in extension activities, farmers took part in group meetings, demonstrations, farmers' training programs, and field days. The study recommended that sericulture provides gainful employment, economic development, low capital intensive, and improvement in the quality of life to the people in tribal areas.
Participation and involvement of parents and caregivers in community child wellbeing activities influences the achievement and cognitive development of children, youth, and even young adults (Melhuish et al., 2008; Sylva et al., 1999) [1]. The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of poverty in parents and caregivers’ participation towards community child well-being activities among the pastoral communities of Baringo, Marsabit, Turkana and West Pokot Counties in Kenya. It uses the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and Poverty Probability Index (PPI) for classification of households as either rich or poor. Households with MPI score ≥ 0.33 or PPI ≥0.5 were classified as poor, otherwise rich. The data for this study were taken from both primary and secondary sources.
The study results showed that overall, nine in ten of the sampled households were poor while one in ten were rich. Among the households classified as rich, six in ten (62.7%) compared to five in ten (53.8%) of those classified as poor participated in child wellbeing activities.
Based on the study findings and Pearson Chi-Square test results, the study concluded that there was a significant relationship between poverty and participation of caregivers in community child wellbeing activities. The relationship reflected that caregivers from poor households had a higher risk of not participating in child wellbeing activities than those from rich households. The study recommended the need for accelerating interventions aimed at poverty alleviation. Such interventions may include but not limited to: increasing access to education, supporting poor households through cash transfer programmes, adoption of disaster risk reduction strategies in pastoral economies and women economic empowerment.
Agriculture and Allied Sectors are the pillar of the Indian economy, the involvement of Agriculture and Allied Sectors in Gross Value Added (GVA) of the country are 17.6%, 18.4% and 20.2% in the previous three years 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21 respectively. Keeping in mind the important issues of farmers, agriculturalists (jointly termed as producers) the concept of ‘Producer Company (PC)’ was declared in 2002. Producer Company refers to a legal body for farmers with the aim to improving the living standard, status, better income and profitability of the farmers. A Producer company owns the characteristic and regulatory framework of a cooperative society and a private limited company. This article concentrates on the concept of a Farmer producer company (FPC) or Producer Company (PC) like the basic objectives, activities, benefits, registration processes, the formation, memorandum and article of association of the FPC. Through the article researcher try to highlight the objectives of the other legal form of Producer Organisation (PO) like Cooperative Society Act and Multistate Cooperative Society Act and highlight the objectives of non - profit legal form of Producer Organisation (PO) like Society registered according to the Society Registration Act, Public Trust registered according to the Indian Trust Act and company registered according to the Section 25 of Indian Companies Act, 1956, as modified as Section 8 in The Companies Act, 2013. And the article also mentioned that there is an option for interstate cooperative societies convert as a Producer Companies (PCs).
Various government and non-government organizations in Bangladesh are trying to socio-economic development of the rural poor through Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). In this context, the purpose of the study was to assess the impact of small enterprise loan programme (SELP) of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF) on the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries. The study was conducted in four upazilas (sub-district) of Bangladesh. Face to face interview was conducted to collect relevant data from the randomly selected 271 respondents. The survey revealed that majority (69.40%) of the respondents developed their socio-economic conditions which ranged from medium to high level compared to 30.60 % of the respondents was at low level. The regression result showed that the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries is characterized by their higher age, higher education, longer experience in involvement, higher savings, lower loan availability, higher satisfaction and favourable attitude towards SELP. The findings may contribute to improving SELP beneficiaries’ socio-economic condition through more effective policies.
Heavy metals (HMs) are unique products, and as a result of their uniqueness, they cannot be converted into non-toxic forms. Both natural and man-made sources, such as mining, industry, and automobile emissions, release heavy metals into the environment. They enter subsurface waters through waterways or are carried away by runoff into surface waters, damaging both the water and the land at the same time. Because of population growth, industrialisation, and urbanisation, HM pollution is on the rise. Organic and inorganic pollutants are now poisoning a large area of the world, with heavy metal pollution becoming a serious problem in recent years. Toxic heavy metal has a detrimental influence on plant growth, which also damages DNA, and causes cancer in animals and humans. To remove, transport, stabilise, and breakdown contaminants from soil, sediment, and water, phytoremediation employs plants. Rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatization, phytodegradation, and phytotransformation are some of its processes. Due to its advantages as a low-cost, effective, and environmentally friendly way of eliminating dangerous metals from the soil, phytoremediation has grown in favour in recent years. Field crops can create a thick green canopy on disturbed soil, improving the landscape and reducing contaminant movement through water, wind, and percolation. This increases the effectiveness of phytoremediation. More than 400 plant species, including the well-known Ricinus communis, Thlaspi, Brassica, and Arabidopsis, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, and Brassica napus, have been identified as having potential for soil and water remediation. In this review article, we discuss the factors that contribute to heavy metal pollution, phytoremediation technology, the method by which heavy metals are taken up, and various studies that describe its practical use.
Watershed management activities are carried out with an aim to keep natural resources from deteriorating that ultimately safeguard ecological balance as well as consistent economic growth. In this paper, some important peculiarities of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) procedures for watershed management have been comprehensively summarized. PRA's mission is to develop professionals, universities and state agency officials, and local communities to create context-appropriate programs. Several governments and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have also been engaged in ongoing participatory watershed initiatives that have shown to be productive. PRA components include methodology, performance, and attitude, as well as exchanging ideas with other beneficiaries. PRA works was employed in semi-structured interviews and transect walks, timelines, wealth matrices, and other tools. Soil erosion, erosion management technologies, soil moisture conservation, groundwater recharge, soil fertility and performance, crop and cropping patterns, agricultural profitability, non-arable agricultural production, and community wellbeing were all investigated in the PRA. The lack of cooperation among donors, government entities, and non-governmental organization is the biggest hurdle to applying this strategy. Emerging technologies, such as the role of geographic information systems (GIS), are becoming more common, with a significant impact on farmers socioeconomic conditions.
